PERMASALAHAN LINGKUNGAN DI WILAYAH PESISIR Oleh : Prof. Dr. Ir. Hj. Winarni Monoarfa, MS

Sifat Air : HABITAT PERAIRAN Panas spesifik, panas penguapan & panas fusi yang tinggi Kelarutan Air tertinggi pada 4 0C Larutan yang baik bagi Senyawa Kimia Viskositas yang tinggi plankton Kemampuan menyerap cahaya tinggi Gravitasi Rantai makanan panjang

SKEMA BERBAGAI BENTUK PERAIRAN TAWAR Sistem Terbuka Sistem Tertutup Kolam Menggenang Mengalir Alami Buatan Dangkal Dalam Rawa Danau Darat Tektonik Pasang Surut (Pasut) Vulkanik Waduk Lapangan Irigasi Serbaguna Sungai Permanen Intermiten Episodik

Komponen Ekosistem Perairan Garam Hara Produser Konsumer Bakteri perombak Nekton Bentos Zooplankton Konsumer Bahan Organik Foto Sintesis Produser Fitoflankton Hara Bakteri dekomposer Bahan Organik

Receiving waters For pollutants Natural fish stocks Recreation Aquaculture Receiving waters For pollutants Water quality Productivity Turbidity Temperature Biological Oxygen Demand Phatogens Complementary Antagonistic competitive antagonistic Demands on Coastal Waters

Siklus hidup ikan seblah  Young halibut 1.38 inc Late postlarva 100 inc    Mis-postlarva 88 inc Continental shelf Adult  Postlarva 69 inc 600 feet Newly-hatched Larva 38 inc   Embryo 13 inc Spawning Siklus hidup ikan seblah

Surplus produksi/Hasil Stock Size / Fishing Effort Telur Larva Juvenil Dewasa Recruitment Stock R (Recruits) G (Growth) M (Natural Mortality) F (Fishing Mortality) MSY R + G = M + F PMSY Pmax MSY Surplus produksi/Hasil Stock Size / Fishing Effort

Dampak pembangunan pada Tipe-tipe Dampak yang Timbul : Ekosistem Perairan Langsung pada perairan Penangkapan ikan Budidaya ikan Pelayaran Pertambangan Pariwisata bahari Tidak langsung Pertanian Peternakan Industri dll Tipe-tipe Dampak yang Timbul : Pencemaran Siklus hidup terganggu Kerusakan habitat Over fishing (exploitasi)

Dampak Aktivitas Pertanian Pembukaan Lahan Pemupukan Pestisida Kekeruhan Fotosintesa Populasi Eutrofikasi Blooming Erosi Sedimentasi O2 Respirasi Seny.beracun Racun Konsumen Akumulasi Bahan Aktif

Proses Terjadinya Erosi Tanah Di Hutan Sampai Ke Laut Erosi oleh hujan JUMLAH TOTAL EROSI Erosi permukaan Erosi lembah (lahan miring) Pencucian massa & selokan Sedimen tak terlarut masuk ke Sungai Lumpur berkonsentrasi (salinitas) rendah di Teluk Sedimen tak terlarut masuk ke Teluk Lapisan sedimen pada karang Karang mati / pasir Penutupan karang hidup Karang mati / pasir / lumpur Aktivitas bakteri Karang mati Lapisan Tanah baru Dasar sungai Produksi Sedimen lautan Pinggir sungai Laut terbuka Ikan terumbu karang Biomassa & keaneka ragaman Ikan pelagis Contoh : Tuna (larva & juvenil) Ikan terumbu karang Ikan pelagis Transportasi Re-erosi Erosi Deposisi Resuspensi transportasi Percampuran (arus & gelombang) Pengangkutan Deposisi sedimen pd terumbu karang Suspensi Dampak thd terumbu karang Terumbu karang Ketergantungan karang Langsung Tak langsung makanan Ketergantungan Reduksi penutupan Induksi keanekaragaman sedimen Proses Terjadinya Erosi Tanah Di Hutan Sampai Ke Laut

Runoff and land-based Discharges (44%) Offshore oil and gas Production (1%) Dumping (10%) Maritim Transportation (12%) Atmosphere (33%)

Impact of agriculture, forestry and fisheries activities on coastal areas Area of impact/ Subsector Use or activity Environmental or social change Impact of social/ Economic concern Estuary, harbour and inshore water quality impacts Agriculture Diversion of rivers for irrigation - Decreased fish yields High use of pesticides High use fertilizer Excessive cropping or grazing on watersheds Decreased fish yields, silting of naviga-tion channels, increased flood hazard, and decreased tourism attraction Mangrove and other coastal wetland impacts Agriculture coastal aquaculture Reclamation of mangrove for rice paddy Destruction of mangrove, filling and canalization Reduced fish yields, reduced filtration capability, increased risk of shore erosion, increased risk from flooding, increased risk of storm damage Forestry Mangrove harvesting for building materials, fuelwood, woodchips Harvesting at a level greater than the sustainable yield Decreased timber yield in successive harvests, decreased fish yields, reduction or loss of rare or endangered species, reduction in non-timber forest products used or traded by forest dwellers Draining of salt marsh and coastal wetlands (in temperate countries) for grazing and cropping Lowering of land surface and accelerated rise in sea level Increased frequency and extend of flooding, increased beach erosion, increased salinity in coastal soils and in upstream “wedges” , increased need for “hard” coastal defences Coral reef and atoll impacts Fisheries Fishing with dynamite, muro-ami fishing Coral reef destruction Decreased fish yield, decreased tourism are recreational value

Logam Berat Racun Populasi Lendir insang + logam (Pb,Cu,Zn) Gumpalan lendir pd insang Populasi Respirasi

Analisis Dampak Kualitas Air Tergantung pd pemanfaatan perairan 1. Objektif Masalah khas 2. Parameter yg ditera harus representatif (Parameter kunci) Tergantung jenis proyek 3. Metoda yg praktis,tetapi memenuhi kebutuhan dan akurasi data

Metode Pengukuran Kualitas Air Komponen Lingkungan Satuan Metode Pengukuran Alat I. Fisik 1. Temperatur oC  Pemuaian Termometer 2. Kekeruhan NTU Turbidimetrik Turbidimeter 3. Padatan Terlarut mg/l TDS metrik TDS meter 4. Padatan Tersuspensi  Turbidimetrik Neflometer/ Timbangan 5. Warna Pt-Co  Kolorimetrik Kolorimeter 6. Hantaran Listrik mhos/cm Konduktometrik Konduktimeter II. Kimia 1. pH - Potensiometrik pH meter 2. Alkalinitas mek/l Titrasi Alat Titrasi 3. Salinitas o/oo Penguk. langsung Refraktometer 4. CO2 terlarut 5. NH3 Spektrofotometrik Spektrofotometer 6. Besi (Fe) 7. Kalsium (Ca) 8. Magneium (Mg) 9. Timbal (Pb) 10.Klorida (Cl) 11. NO2 12. NO3 13. P-total 14. DO Modifikasi Winkler 15. BOD5 16. COD Titrimetri III. Mikrobiologi 1. Coliform Coloni/l00 ml Membran Membran & inkubator 2. Fecal Coliform

Kadar Maksimum beberapa parameter kualitas air yang diperkenankan untuk kepentingan air minum

Komposisi Limbah Cair Kegiatan Domestik

Lanjutan daftar kriteria kualitas air gol A

Lanjutan daftar kriteria kualitas air Gol B

Lanjutan daftar kriteria kualitas air gol C

Baku Mutu Limbah cair bagi Kegiatan Industri (Kep.51/MENLH/10/1995)

Lanjutan Baku Mutu Limbah cair bagi Kegiatan Industri

TERIMAKASIH