HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING

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Transcript presentasi:

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING JOB ANALYSIS HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING HRM-Meily M

MSDM Manajemen yang berkaitan dengan pengelolaan kegiatan pemberdayaan sumber daya manusia

PENGEMBANGAN KARYAWAN FUNGSI-FUNGSI OPERASIONAL SDM PENGADAAN TENAGA KERJA Analisis Pekerjaan Perencanaan tenaga kerja Penarikan tenaga kerja Seleksi PENGEMBANGAN KARYAWAN Orientasi Pelatihan Pendidikan

PERENCANAAN & PENGEMBANGAN KARIER PENILAIAN PRESTASI KERJA KOMPENSASI KESELAMATAN & KESEHATAN KERJA PEMUTUSAN HUBUNGAN KERJA Sumber: Panggabean (2006)

WHAT IS JOB ANALYSIS?

JOB ANALYSIS Sebuah proses penyelidikan yang sistematis untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai pekerjaan (job) dan pekerjanya (job-holder) Sumber: Panggabean (2006)

Alasan Melaksanakan Job Analysis Penyediaan staf Pelatihan & pengembangan Penilaian kinerja Kompensasi Keselamatan & kesehatan Hubungan kekaryawanan & perburuhan Pertimbangan legal

MANFAAT ANALISIS PEKERJAAN Job Analysis Job Description and Job Specification Job Evaluation Wage and Salary Decisions (Compensation) Recruiting and Selection Decisions Performance Appraisal Training Requirements 2

WHO PERFORMS JOB ANALYSIS? Job analysis is performed either by a member of the HR department or by the job incumbent (the person who is currently assigned to the job)

TYPES OF INFORMATION VIA THE JOB ANALYSIS Work activities Job’s actual work activities. How, why, & when the worker performs each activity Human behaviors Examples communicating, deciding, sensing. Included here would be information regarding job demands

Machines, tools, equipment, & work aids Information regarding tools used, materials processed, knowledge dealt with or applied (finance/law), & service rendered (counseling/repairing) Performance standards Information about the job’s standards, standards to appraise employees

Job context Physical working conditions, work schedule, the organizational & social context, & incentives Human requirements Job’s human requirements, such as job- related knowledge or skills (education, training, work experience) & required personal attributes (aptitudes, physical characteristics, personality, interests

Methods of Collecting Job Analysis Information The Interview Questionnaires Observation Participant Diary/Logs Combination 4

THE INTERVIEW Information sources Interview formats Advantages Individual employees Groups of employees Supervisors with knowledge of the job Advantages Quick, direct way to find overlooked information. Disadvantages Distorted information Interview formats Structured (Checklist) Unstructured

Questionnaires Information source Questionnaire formats Advantages Have employees fill out questionnaires to describe their job-related duties and responsibilities. Questionnaire formats Structured checklists Opened-ended questions Advantages Quick and efficient way to gather information from large numbers of employees Disadvantages Expense and time consumed in preparing and testing the questionnaire

Observation Information source Advantages Disadvantages Observing and noting the physical activities of employees as they go about their jobs. Advantages Provides first-hand information Reduces distortion of information Disadvantages Time consuming Difficulty in capturing entire job cycle Of little use if job involves a high level of mental activity.

Participant Diary/Logs Information source Workers keep a chronological diary/ log of what they do and the time spent in each activity. Advantages Produces a more complete picture of the job Employee participation Disadvantages Distortion of information Depends upon employees to accurately recall their activities

Quantitative Job Analysis Techniques Position Analysis Questionnaire Management Position Description Questionnaire Guidelines-Oriented Job Analysis Department of Labor (DOL) Procedure Functional Job Analysis 6

Quantitative Job Analysis Techniques The position analysis questionnaire (PAQ) Kuesioner yang menganalisis pekerjaan yang terstruktur. Berisi 194 items, yang berhubungan dengan elemen-elemen yang berorientasi dgn pekerjaan tsb. + Provide a quantitative score or profile of any job in terms of how that job rates on five basic activities; Decision making/communication/social responsibilities Performing skilled activities Being physically active Operating vehicles/equipment Processing information

The Department of Labor (DOL) procedure A standardized method by which different jobs can be quantitatively rated, classified, and compared.

Functional Job Analysis * Menilai fungsional pekerjaan bukan hanya untuk data, manusia, & benda, tapi juga untuk empat dimensi lainnya: Instruksi khusus yang diperlukan untuk melakukan tugas Alasan & penilaian untuk melakukan tugas Fasilitas verbal & bahasa yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan tugas tsb Kemampuan matematis untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan tsb * Mengidentifikasikan standar prestasi & persyaratan pelatihan

JOB DESCRIPTION THE NATURE OF JOB ANALYSIS JOB SPECIFICATION

JOB DESCRIPTION A list of a job’s duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities—one product of a job analysis.

Items Commonly Found in a Written Job Description 1. Job identification 2. Job summary 3. Responsibilities and duties 4. Authority of incumbent 5. Standards of performance 6. Working conditions 7. Job specifications 7

Job Description Guidelines Be clear Indicate scope of authority Be specific Be brief Recheck 8

Job Specifications The job specification takes the job description and answers the question, “What human traits and experience are required to do this job well?” 9

SPESIFIKASI PEKERJAAN I. Nama Jabatan : Sales Customer Service Departmen : Pemasaran Lokasi : Kantor Pusat, Jakarta Pengawas : GM Marketing Kode jabatan : NA-101 Tanggal : 16 November 1996 Disetujui oleh : GM Ir. Antonius, Msc Distributor : Rumi S II Faktor-faktor Keahlian Pendidikan : Diperlukan lulusan Diploma 3 semua jurusan Pengalaman : : Tidak diutamakan, karena akan diberikan training dan pelatihan-pelatihan lainnya Komunikasi : Keahlian dalam berbicara dan berkomunikasi sangat penting untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang menangani konsumen III Faktor-faktor Sumber Daya Tuntutan Mental : Inisiatif, kreatif, supel, dan kecerdasan, merupakan hal wajib karena mereka harus berhadapan langsung dengan konsumen IV Kondisi Kerja :Pekerjaan sebagian besar berada dan dilakukan didalam kantor

Proses Perencanaan Strategik Proses dimana manajemen puncak menentukan tujuan dan sasaran organisasi serta bagaimana tujuan dan sasaran tersebut dapat dicapai

Penilaian Lingkungan Penetapan Tujuan Penentuan Misi Prinsip-prinsip yang akan memandu Penilaian Lingkungan Eksternal (O & T) Internal (S & W) Penetapan Tujuan Menantang dapat dicapai Dapat diukur Spesifik Waktu Terdokumentasi Penetapan Strategi Implementasi Strategi

PERENCANAAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING PERENCANAAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA 4-1

Proses Rekrutmen dan Seleksi Rekrutmen dan seleksi adalah serangkaian proses yang ditujukan untuk memilih calon yang terbaik untuk suatu pekerjaan.

Human Resources Planning “The process of determining manpower requirements & the means for meeting those requirements in order to carry out the integrated plans of the organizations” (Sikula, 1976)

Human Resources Planning Merupakan serangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi permintaan-permintaan bisnis & lingkungan pada organisasi di waktu yang akan datang & untuk memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan tenaga kerja yang ditimbulkan oleh kondisi-kondisi tersebut (Handoko, 2001)

Penentuan posisi apa yang akan diisi, dan bagaimana mengisinya. HRP : suatu proses peninjauan ulang yang sistematis mengenai persyaratan SDM untuk menjamin agar jumlah tenaga kerja dengan keterampilan kerja yang diperlukan tersedia apabila dibutuhkan Penentuan posisi apa yang akan diisi, dan bagaimana mengisinya.

Human Resources Planning HR Planning Strategic Planning reciprocal and interdependent relationship -environmental scanning critical for both

Perencanaan Jangka Pendek & Jangka Panjang Kebutuhan Personil Rencana jangka panjang: Mengestimasi situasi sumberdaya manusia untuk dua, lima atau kadang sepuluh tahun yang akan datang Rencana jangka pendek: Menunjukkan berbagai kebutuhan tenaga kerja yang harus dipenuhi satu tahun yang akan datang

Elements of Effective HR Planning 4. Monitor and Evaluate Results 3. Implement Plans to Balance Supply and Demand 2. Forecast Future Internal/External Candidates (Supply) 1. Forecast Future HR Needs (Demand)

Forecasting Future HR Needs (Demand) Forecasting based on: -demand for product/service -projected turnover -quality and nature of employees -decisions regarding product quality -plans for technological change -financial resources

Berbagai Penyebab Timbulnya Permintaan Sumber Daya Manusia di Waktu yang Akan Datang Lingkungan Eksternal Organisasional Persediaan Karyawan Ekonomi Sosial-Politik Teknologi Persaingan -Rencana-rencana strategik -Anggaran (budget) -Forecast penjualan & produksi -Desain organisasi & pekerjaan -Perluasan usaha -Pensiun -Permohonan berhenti -Pemberhentian -Kematian

Forecasting Future HR Needs (Demand) Quantitative Approaches Trend analysis: review past employment levels Ratio analysis: ratio of business activity/employees Scatter plot: graph of business activity/employees Regression analysis: statistical relationship between business activity and employees Computerized forecasting techniques

Forecasting Future HR Needs (Demand) Zero- Base Forecasting Bottom-Up Approach Hubungan antara vol penjualan dengan jumlah karyawan yang dibutuhkan Model simulasi

Forecasting Future HR Needs (Demand) Qualitative Approaches 1. Nominal Group Technique -experts meet face-to-face -group discussion facilitates exchange of ideas -possible subjectivity, group pressure 2. Delphi Technique -experts work independently -wide range of views -difficult to integrate diverse opinions

Forecasting Future HR Supply Replacement Charts visual representations of likely internal replacement employees for each position data on each candidate includes: age present performance rating promotability status

Forecasting Future HR Supply Succession Planning analyze demand for managers/professionals audit existing executives, project future supply individual career planning/career counseling accelerated promotions performance-related training and development planned strategic recruitment

Balancing Supply and Demand Dealing with a Labor Shortage overtime hiring temporary employees subcontracting work external recruitment transfers promotions

Balancing Supply and Demand Dealing with a Labor Surplus hiring freeze attrition buy-out and early retirement programs reducing hours (job sharing, reduced workweek, part-time work, work sharing) internal transfers layoffs (reverse seniority or juniority) termination with outplacement assistance

A failure to plan can lead to significant financial costs

Teknik-Teknik Perancangan Kembali Pekerjaan (Job Design) Simplikasi Pekerjaan Bila tingkat spesialisasi pekerjaan-pekerjaan terlalu rendah (underspealization), HRD dapat melakukan simplikasi pekerjaan (penyederhanaan pekerjaan) Resiko: pekerjaan-pekerjaan bisa menjadi terlalu terspesialisasi sehingga menimbulkan kebosanan

Perluasan Kerja Rotasi Jabatan Job Enlargement Job Enrichment Ada tiga metode untuk memperbaiki kondisi pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang terlalu terspesialisasi (overspecialization) melalui perancangan kembali: Rotasi Jabatan Job Enlargement Job Enrichment

1) Rotasi Jabatan Memindahkan para karyawan dari suatu pekerjaan ke pekerjaan lain. Pekerjaan secara nyata tidak berubah, hanya karyawan yang berputar Kebaikan: Mengatasi monoton dari pekerjaan yang terspesialisasi melalui pemberian kesempatan untuk menggunakan berbagai keterampilan & kecakapan lain Para karyawan menjadi cakap dalam beberapa pekerjaan bukan hanya satu pekerjaan Penguasaan berbagai macam pekerjaan memberikan kesempatan tumbuh & membuat karyawan merasa lebih bernilai bagi organisasi

2) Job Enlargement Penambahan lebih banyak tugas kepada karyawan untuk meningkatkan variasi pekerjaan & mengurangi sifat kerja yang membosankan/monoton Tidak berarti meningkatkan pengetahuan & keterampilan yang diperlukan untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang telah diperluas tersebut Tapi menghentikan spesialisasi yang berlebihan & mengurangi sifat monoton sehingga membuat karyawan lebih terpuaskan & termotivasi secara efektif

3) Job Enrichment Perluasan pekerjaan & tanggung-jawab secara vertikal Perluasan pekerjaan yang merupakan suatu perubahan yang direncanakan (planned change) pada berbagai kegiatan pekerjaan untuk memberikan variasi yang lebih besar kepada karyawan yang mempunyai pengetahuan & keterampilan lebih Kebaikan: memberikan kepada karyawan kepuasan lebih besar & kesempatan bagi pengembangan pribadi Para karyawan diberikan kesempatan untuk berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan-kegiatan manajerial pekerjaaan mereka disamping operasionalnya

Downsizing Perampingan  restrukturisasi = perubahan sekali waktu dalam organisasi dan dalam jumlah karyawan yang dipekerjakan Dampak negatif: Biaya moril karyawan yang bertahan, rasa cemas  tidak mau ambil resiko, tidak inovatif Kemajuan karir lebih sulit krn tingkatan hirarki dihapuskan Karyawan berniat berpindah ke peluang yang lebih baik Loyalitas berkurang Memori institusional Karyawan yang bertahan dituntut lebih

Outplacement Dampak dari perampingan Para karyawan yang diberhentikan di beri bantuan untuk menemukan pekerjaan di tempat lain Respon ini positif thp karyawan yang bertahan

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