Chapter One: Universals of Interpersonal Communication The Interpersonal Communication Book 11th Ed. Joseph A. DeVito Chapter One: Universals of Interpersonal Communication This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Arti Kata Komunikasi Kata Komunikasi atau Communication atau communicare berarti ” membuat sama ” ( to make common ) . Istilah pertama ( communis) adalah istilah yang paling sering disebut sebagai asal usul kata komunikasi , yang merupakan akar dari kata – kata latin lainnya yang mirip . Kata Komunikasi atau Communication dalam bahasa Inggris berasal dari kata latin communis yang berarti ”sama”

Bab I Komunikasi Apa itu Komunikasi? Komunikasi menyarankan bahwa suatu pikiran , suatu makna , atau suatu pesan dianut secara sama akan tetapi definisi kontenporer menyarankan bahwa komunikasi merujuk pada cara berbagi hal – hal tersebut , seperti dalam kalimat ” kita berbagi pikiran ” ” kita mendiskusikan makna ” ” mengirimkan pesan ” . Kata lain yang mirip dengan komunikasi adalah komunitas yang juga menekankan kesamaan atau kebersamaan . Komunitas merujuk pada sekelompok orang yang terkumpul atau hidup bersama untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu dan mereka berbagi makna dan sikap . Tanpa komunikasi tidak akan ada komunitas .

HAKEKAT KOMUNIKASI Sesuai kodratnya “ Homo Socius, homo luden, homo economicus dan homo sapien “, manusia tidak dapat hidup sendiri, manusia membutuhkan interaksi untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Manusia dikatakan sebagai mahluk sosial yang memiliki konsekuensi dimana manusia membutuhkan interaksi antara sesamanya. Interaksi dapat terwujud bila terjadi komunikasi Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Homo Socious : manusia makhluk sosial Homo ludens : manusia yg tertawa, senang Homo economicus : manusia ekonomis Homo sapien: manusia bijaksana Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

TUJUAN KOMUNIKASI Komunikasi bertujuan untuk kelangsungan hidup, memupuk hubungan dan memperoleh kebahagiaan Pengembangan kepribadian Eksistensi & aktualisasi diri Mengenal diri sendiri dan orang lain Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Fungsi Komunikasi Terdapat empat fungsi Komunikasi: Komunikasi ekspresif Komunikasi Sosial Komunikasi ritual Komunikasi Instrumental

I. Komunikasi Sosial Fungsi komunikasi social sebagai komunikasi social setidaknya mengisyaratkan bahwa komunikasi itu penting untuk membangun konsep diri kita , aktualisasi diri , untuk kelangsungan hidup , untuk memperoleh kebahagiaan , terhindar dari tekanan dan ketegangan , antara lain lewat komunikasi yang bersifat menghibur , dan memupuk hubungan dengan orang lain. Melalui komunikasi kita bekerjasama dengan anggota masyarakat untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. PEMBENTUKAN KONSEP DIRI Konsep diri adalah pandangan kita mengenal siapa diri kita, dan kita hanya bisa peroleh lewat informasi yang di berikan orang lain kepada kita. Manusia yang tidak pernah berkomunikasi dengan manusia lain tidak mungkin mempunyai kesadaran bahwa dirinya adalah manusia. Kita sadar bahwa kita manusia karena orang orang di sekeliling kita menunjukan kepada kita lewat perilaku verbal dan nonverbal mereka bahwa kita manusia ,bahkan kita pun tidak akan pernah menyadari nama kita adalah bahwa kita adalah lelaki, perempuan, pintar, atau menyenangkan. bila tidak ada orang orang disekitar kita yang menyebut kita demikian.

Ramu: the wolf boy Ramu is eating raw meat. What do Ramu’s behaviors suggest about how we developt self concepts Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Komunikasi Ekspresif Erat kaitannya dengan komunikasi sosial adalah komunikasi ekspresif yang dapat dilakukan baik sendirian ataupun dalam kelompok. Komunikasi ekspresif tidak otomatis bertujuan mempengaruhi orang lain, namun dapat dilakukan sejauah komunikasi tersebut menjadi intrumen untuk menyampaikan perasaan kita. Perasaan – perasaan terutama dikomunikasikan melalui pesan – pesan nonverbal. Perasaan sayang, peduli, rindu, simpati ,gembira, sedih, takut, prihatin, marah dan benci dapat disampaikan lewat kata – kata, namun terutama lewat perilaku nonverbal. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Fungsi Komunikasi Ritual Suatu komunitas sering melakukan upacara – upacara berlainan sepanjang tahun dan sepanjang hidup , yang disebut para Antropolog sebagai Rites of pasage, mulai dari upacara kelahiran, sunatan , ulang tahun (nyanyi Happy Brithday dan pemotongan kue), pertunangan, (melamar, tukar cincin) siraman, pernikahan (ijab-qobul, sungkem kepada orang tua, sawer dan sebagainya) ulang tahun, perkawinan, hingga upara kematian. Dalam acara – acara itu orang mengucapkan kata –kata atau menampilkan perilaku- perilaku tertentu yang bersifat simbolik . Ritus –ritus lain seperti berdoa (sholat, sembahyang, misa) membaca kitab suci, naik haji, upacara bendera (termasuk menyanyikan lagu kebangsaan), upacara wisuda, perayaan lebaran (idul fitri) atau Natal, juga adalah komunikasi ritual . Mereka yang berpartisipasi dalam bentuk komunikasi ritual tersebut menegaskan kembali komitmen mereka kepada tradisi keluarga, suku, bangsa, negara, atau agama mereka. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Komunikasi Instrumental Komunikasi Intrumental mempuyai beberapa tujuan umum: menginfomasika , mengajar, mendorong, mengubah sikap dan keyakinan, dan mengubah perilaku atau tindakan dan juga untuk menghibur. Bila diringkas, maka kesemua tujuan tersebut dapat disebut membujuk (persuasif). Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

If your lips keep from slips Five things observe with care; To whom you speak, of whom you speak, And how, and when, and where. W.E. Norris Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication is the communication that takes place between two person who have an established relationships ( Joseph De Vito ) Communication between two person The creating and sharing of meaning between people who are in relationship Investigating how relationships begin, the maintenance of relationships, and the dissolution of relationships ( Berger; 1979, Dainton & Stafford, 2000). Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL Komunikasi Interpersonal dapat diartikan pertukaran makna antar orang – orang yang saling berkomunikasi. Pengertian proses mengacu pada perubahan dan tindakan(action) yg berlangsung terus – menerus. Diantara pihak – pihak yg berkomunikasi diharapkan terjadi perubahan sikap, pendapat dan perilaku. Komunikasi interpersonal juga merupakan pertukaran, yaitu tindakan menyampaikan dan menerima pesan secara timbale balik. Makna, sesuatu yang dipertukarkan dalam proses tersebut. Makna adalah kesamaan pemahaman diantara orang – orang yg berkomunikasi terhadap pesan – pesan yg digunakan dalam proses komunikasi.

Figure 14: Human communication involves the construction of meaning (O'Brien, 1990

Benefit Intelektual Praktis Pemahaman mendalam ttg diri anda, org lain dan hubungan Tahu ttg bagaimana, mengapa, apa KAP Memahami teori, riset ttg perilaku manusia Keefektifan dalam kehidupan pribadi, sosial & profesional. Ketrampilan interpersonal sangat penting utk kesuksesan profesi dan hubungan Mencegah kekerasan ditempat kerja Mengurangi kecelakaan kecil berkaitan dengan medis& memperbaiki komunikasi dokter & pasien Membangun, memelihara hubungan yg bermakna Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Interpersonal Comm Talking with coworkers Giving or responding to a compliment Making a new friends Asking for a date Communicating through instant messaging Maintaining & repairing relationships Breaking off relationships Applying for a jobs Giving directions Persuading a supervisor Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Nature of Interpersonal Comm Interpersonal communication involves interdependent individuals Interpersonal Communication is inherently relational Interpersonal Communication exists on a continuum Interpersonal Communication involves verbal & nonverbal messages Interpersonal communication exist in varied form. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Interdependent individuals Takes places between people who are in some way connected Interdependent: (1) what one person does has an impact on the other person (2) the actions of one person have consequences for other person Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Inherently Relational IC is invevitably and essentially relational in nature IC takes place within a relationship; it impacts the relationships, it defines of relationships The communication takes place in a relationships is in part a function of that relationship The way you communicated is determined in a great part by the kind of relationship that exist between you & the other person The way you commnunicate, the way you interact, will you kind of relationships you develop. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Exists on a Continuum :That ranges from relatively impersonal to highly interpersonal ( Miller, 1978,1990) Impersonal Individuals are likely to respond to each other according to the roles. Interact according to the rules of society The individuals some measure of predictability Little self – disclosure & little emotional content Personal React to each others as unique individuals. They act on the basis of personal information Interact on the basis of personally establish rules Your ability to predict & explain behaviors increases Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Involves Verbal & Non verbal messages Interpersonal interaction exchange of both verbal & non verbal messages The messages will vary greatly depending on the other factors involved in the interaction Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Exist in Varied Forms Often Face-to-Face Online Email Mailing List Groups Instant Messaging Chat Groups Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

THE FORMS of Human Communication Computer-Mediated Skills-Related: Increasing security in e-communication. Combining CMC with face-to-face communication. human_com_3rd_jc

Face to face CMC Penampilan diatur sesuai pesan yg diinginkan Karakter personal disembunyikan Penyampaian pesan bergiliran, tdk dapat diinterupsi, waktu berbicara terbatas Menggambarkan siapa kita sebenarnya/karakter personal Berinterupsi/bersaing dalam pertukaran informasi Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Varies in Effectivenes Vary greatly Effectivenes & Satisfaction Highly successful, some are total failures. Give joy & others give grief Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Areas of Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal Interaction Health Communication Family Communication Intercultural Communication Business and Organizational Social and Personal Relationships Microsoft Image Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Nature of Interpersonal Communication Dyadic Primacy Dyadic Coalitions Dyadic Consciousness Microsoft Image Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Dyadic Primacy Two person relationship an exchange of information between two people Dyads are always central to interpersonal relationships Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Dyadic Coalitions Two person relationships formed by members of a larger group for achieving a mutually desired benefit or goal (Wilmot 1999) Coalitions – whether in the family, among friends, or at work – may be productive or unproductive Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Dyadic Consciousness Your interpersonal relationships depend on what you think about relationship You begin to see yourself as part of pair, team, couple Relationship becomes more involved Individuals sacrifice their own desires or needs for the well-beng relationships Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Purposes of Interpersonal Communication To Learn To Relate To Influence To Play To Help Microsoft Image Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

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Elements of Interpersonal Communication Source-Receiver Encoding-Decoding Messages Feedback Messages Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Source - receiver Masing – masing orang memformulasikan dan mengirin pesan – pesan (source function) dan juga menerima dan memahami pesan- pesan (receiver functions). Source-receiver sebagai satu kesatuan yg tdk terpisahkan Siapa anda, apa yang anda percaya, apa yang anda nilai, apa yang anda inginkan, apa yang telah anda ceritakan dan apa sikap – sikap anda semua mempengaruhi apa yang anda katakan, bagaimana anda mengatakannya , apa pesan – pesan yg anda terima dan bagaimana anda menerima mereka. Masing –masing orang adalah unik; komunikasi masing – masing orang juga unik. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Encoding - Decoding Encoding mengacu kepada tindakan menghasilkan pesan – pesan ------ sebagai contoh, berbicara – menulis. Decoding mengacu pada tindakan memahami pesan ---- sebagai contoh, mendengar dan membaca. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Messages Signal – signal yang memberikan stimuli atau rangsangan bagi seorang penerima – seperti yang berhubungan dengan pendengaran (mendengar), visual (melihat), tactile (sentuhan), penciuman (mencium), gustatory ( rasa), atau kombinasi. Anda berkomunikasi secara antar pribadi melalui gesture dan sentuhan,dengan kata – kata dan kalimat. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Feedfoward Messages Information you provide before sending your primary message (Richards, 1951) Reveals some thing about the message to come Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Feedback Reactions and responses to messages The response to a message that receiver sends to the source Feedback indicate to the sender whether and how that messages was heard, seen, and interpreted. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Feedback Messages Melalui proses komunikasi antar pribadi, anda mempertukarkan umpan balik – pesan – pesan dikirim balik ke pembicara mengenai reaksi pada apa yang dikatakan ( Clement & Frandsen, 1976 ). Umpan balik memberitahukan pembicara apa akibatnya, apa yang dimiliki oleh pendengar. Dasar dari umpan balik, pembicara akan membetulkan, merubah, memperkuat, menekankan kembali , atau merubah isi atau bentuk pesan. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Person Focused-Message Focused Immediate-Delayed Types of Feedback Positive-Negative Person Focused-Message Focused Immediate-Delayed Low-Monitoring-High Monitoring Supportive-Critical Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Smiles, applaus, and head nods signifying approval) tells the speaker that he or she should continue speaking in the same general mode Negative Feedback Frowns, boos, puzzled looks, gestures signifying disapproval tells the speaker that something is wrong Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Feedback may center on the person Person Focused Feedback may center on the person “You’re so sweet,” “ You’ve got a great smile Message Focused Can you repeat the phone number? Your argument is a good one Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Elements of Interpersonal Communication Types of Noise Physical Physiological Psychological Semantic Microsoft Image Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

NOISE Any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning Is anything that interferes with your receiving a message Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Physical Noise Interference that is external both speaker and listener It interferes with the physical transmission of the signal or messages Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Psychological Noise Mental interference in speaker or listener preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, biases and prejudices, closed mindedness, Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Physiological noise Barriers within the sender or receiver such as: visual empairments, hearing loss, articulation problems,and memory loss Fisik yang menghambat pembicara/pendengar Kehilangan pendengaran, masalah artikulasi, kehilangan memori, kerusakan visual Gangguan yg bersifat biologis terhadap proses komunikasi: pembicara lelah, sakit & lapar Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Semantic Noise Speaker and Listener have different meaning systems Language or dialectical differences, Slang (bahasa pasaran), jargon (kata khas, teknis yg digunakan untuk ungkapan tertentu),overly complex terms Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Communication context Physical Dimension Social-Psychological Dimension Cultural Context Ethics Microsoft Image Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Physical Context Its location, the environmental conditions ( temperature, lighting,noise level), The distance between communicators, seating arrangements. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Social Context The Nature of the relationships that exists between the participants The roles and the games that people play The cultural rules of the society in which people are communicating Friendliness or unfriendliness, formality or informality, seriusness or humorousness Communication takes places among the family members, friend, work associates or strangers influences what and how messages are formed, shared, and interpreted Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Psychological Context The mood and feelings each person brings to the conversation Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Cultural Context The values, attitudes, beliefs,, and ways of behaving that are shared by a group of people and passed down from one generation to the next Cultural penetrates into every aspect of our lives, affecting how we thinks, talk (what you say & how you say it), behave, interaction Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Ethics in Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal comm involves ethics Each comm act has a moral dimension, a rightness or wrongness Communication choices need to be guided by ethical considerations as well as by concerns with effectiveness & satisfaction. Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Competence Your ability to communicate effectively is your interpersonal competence ( Spitzberg & Cupach,1989;Wilson & Sabee,2003) A Measure of the quality of your intellectual and physical interpersonal performance Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Principles of Interpersonal Communications Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Interpersonal Communication is ambiguous Message that can be interpreted as having more than one meaning Ambiguity occurs because people use words that can be interpreted differently Different people will derive different meaning from the “same” message Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Interpersonal Relationships May Be Symmetrical or Complementary The two indviduals mirror each other’s behavior (Bateson,1972) If one member is passionate, the other member is passionate The relationship is one of equality The emphasis on minimizing the differences between two individuals Complementary Two individuals engage in different behaviours The behavior of one serves as the stimulus for the other’s complementary behavior The differences between the parties are maximized One superior and the other inferior Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Interpersonal Communication Is a Series of Punctuated Events Communication events are continuous transactions Everyone separates communication sequences into stimuli and responses the basis of his or her own perspective This tendency to divide communication transactions into sequences of stimuli and responses (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackon,1967). Punctuation is crucial step in interpersonal communication Microsoft Image Microsoft Image Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

IC is Inevitable,Irreversible, Unrepeatable Inevitability: you’re communicating even though you might not think you are not even want to be Irreversibility: what you have communicated remains communicated; you cannot uncommunicate Unrepeatability. -------- every one and everything is constantly changing Some one can never recapture the exact same situation, frame of mind, or relationship dynamics that defined a previous iterpersonal act Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

IC Refers to Content and Relationship Messages refers to content Messages refers to relationship The content dimension maybe the same,but the relationship aspect maybe different The relationship aspect may be the same and the content dimension is different Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

He : Saya akan pergi bowling besok He : Saya akan pergi bowling besok. Teman-teman akan membentuk tim ( memfokuskan pada isi dan mengacuhkan implikasi hubungan dari pesan) She: Mengapa kita tidak pernah melakukan bersama – sama? (merespon pada hubungan, mengabaikan implikasi isi pesan, & mengekspresikan ketidaksenangan karena diabaikan dalam pengambilan keputusan) He: Kita dapat melakukan/pergi bersama lain kali; besok saat mereka membentuk tim ( memusatkan perhatian hanya pada isi) Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon

Understanding Interpersonal Skills Increasing Mindfulness Create and Recreate Categories Be Open to New Information and Points of View Beware of First Impressions Think Before You Act Copyright © 2007 Allyn and Bacon