EKOSISTEM FUNGSI INTERAKSI TERPISAH OLEH INTERRELATED Biotik x Abiotik INTERACT Autotrop x Heterotrop ENERGY FLOW & EXCHANGE FUNGSI INTERAKSI TERPISAH OLEH (1) SPACE:   - GRENN BELT - BROWN BELT   (2) TIME a) GRAZING CIRCUIT (DIRECT CONSUMPTION) b) ORGANIC DETRITUS CIRCUIT (Akumulasi + Dekomposisi Materi Yang Sudah Mati) DETRITUS = A Product of disintegration.

Evolusi Kehidupan Eukaryotes: Complex cells with organized structures inside called "organelles" (e.g., nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts). Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals are examples Prokaryotes: Simple cells without organelles. Bacteria, for example

DUA KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM ATAS DASAR TROPHIC KOMPONEN AUTOTROP (Self Nourishing) KOMPONEN HETEROTROP (Other- Nourishing) EKOSISTEM TERDIRI DARI 1. BAHAN ORGANIK (C, N, CO2, H2O) 2. ORGANIK (Protein / Lemak, Karbohidrat) 3. IKLIM 4. PRODUSER (AUTOTROP) 5. MACRO CONSUMERS (HETEROTROP) 6. MICRO CONSUMERS # WIEGERT + OWENS (1970) 2 (DUA) TIPE HETEROTROP: (a) BIOFAGE (B) SAPROFAGE EKOSISTEM DIDASARKAN PADA FUNGSI 1. SIRCUIT ENERGI 4. DIVERSITAS 5. SIKLUS NUTRIEN 2. FOOD ENERGI 3. EVOLUSI / SUKSESI 6. KONTROL (Cyberactic)

Three Functional Kingdom of Nature Produser Phagotrophs Saprotrophs Three Functional Kingdom of Nature KONSEP EKOLOGI MODERN MELIPUTI: 1. UNIT EKOSISTEM (STRUKTUR + FUNGSI) 2. ADA INTERAKSI Positif / Negatif / Netral 3. ENERGETIC OF ECOSYSTEMS Produsen – Konsumen – energy flow 4. SIKLUS BIOKIMIAWI - REGULASI 5. FAKTOR PEMBATAS 6. SUKSESI KLIMAX 7. DISRUPTION + EXPLOITATION The Roles of Man ECOLOGICAL FACTORS 1. IKLIM 3. EDAFIK 2. FISIOGRAFIK / TOPOGRAFIK 4. BIOTIK

Beberapa Konsep Phagotroph: An organism that obtains nutrients through the ingestion of solid organic matter. This class of organism includes all animals from the simplest, single –celled animal (eg. Protozoa) to higher forms. Organism have some type of device to ingest particles, a digestive system, and a system to discard waste products. Saprotroph: an organism, usually a plant such as mold or a fungus, that consumes the tissue of dead plants or animals.

INTERACTION: ENERGI MINERAL, ROCK, SOIL ATM, Gas / angin Air, tanah Organism

Aliran energi

Siklus Materi vs Aliran Energi

Arah Aliran energi

Siklus Karbon

A community of four species A, B, C, D Population of species ‘A’ Fig. 1-2 Diagrammatic sketch showing the population of species ‘A’ where Its individuals interact with each Other-population ecology Fig. 1-3 Diagrammatic sketch showing a community of four different species-A, B, C & D interacting with each other- population ecology

B A D C Y Z X B I O M E P R Q S Community 1 (climax) dominant species ‘A’ Community 2 approaching To climax Community 3 (under early succession) Y Z X B I O M E P R Q S

EKOSISTEM PERAIRAN

Lingkungan Abiotik + Komponen Kimia KONTROL BIOLOGI Aktivitas Organisme dalam Ekosistem Lingkungan Abiotik + Komponen Kimia The bigger the cities the more they demand ... The greater the danger of damaging ... PRODUKSI + DEKOMPOSISI Fotosintesis: Co2 + H2O C6 H12 O6 + O2 materi Respirasi: C6 H12 O6 CO2 + H2O + cal. HOMEOSTASIS Dalam keadaan seimbang, sama/stabil Bila materi, energi mengalir dalam keadaan seimbang Ekosistem mampu: - self maintenance - self regulation Equilibrium

BIOTIC ABIOTIC Genetic - Cells Systems - Organ - Organismic INTRODUCTION: THE SCOPE OF ECOLOGY BIOTIC COMPONENTS ABIOTIC BIOSYSTEMS plus equals Matter energy Genes - Cells - Organs - Organisms - Populations - Communities Genetic Systems - Cells Systems - Organ System - Organismic - Population - Ecosystem Autecology = individu Synecology = groups  Forest