AIR TANAH LENGAS TANAH.

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AIR TANAH LENGAS TANAH

LENGAS TANAH Soils can contain water. Water is retained in the soil by capillary or adsorptive forces O-- H+ Remember that the water molecule is a dipole

DefiniSI b = Msolid/V (bulk density) 1.2-1.7 g/cm3 A soil sample of volume V The same sample with each phase ‘packed’ together. V denotes volume and M mass. Vair, Mair Vwater, Mwater Vsolid, Msolid b = Msolid/V (bulk density) 1.2-1.7 g/cm3 s = Msolid/Vsolid (particle density) 2.65 g/cm3 v = Vwater/V (volumetric water content) g = Mwater/Msolid (gravimetric water content) n = (Vwater + Vair)/V (porosity) 0.2 – 0.7 m3/m3

KADAR AIR – KADAR LENGAS With all pores completely filled with water, you have saturated conditions θs. If you let a saturated sample drain until drainage stops you have field capacity θfc. When there is so little water that a plant can not suck any water you have the wilting point θwp Effective porosity θs- θfc Plant available water θfc- θwp Soil moisture deficit (θfc- θwp)*root depth

KADAR AIR – KADAR LENGAS Some examples of field capacity and wilting points for different soil textures Textural class Wilting point (m3/m3) Field capacity (m3/m3) Clay 0.25 0.40 Silt 0.15 0.35 Loam 0.10 0.30 Sand 0.05

The smaller the diameter of the tube, the higher capillary rise. TEGANGAN PERMUKAAN Due to surface tension water can be held at negative pressure in capillary tubes. (P1<P2 = Patm) The smaller the diameter of the tube, the higher capillary rise. An useful analogy is that the soil can be considered to act like a bundle of capillary tubes with different diameters (representing the range of pore sizes) p-2q q 2·R·cos q R 2·r P1 P2 z

KURVA pF The soil moisture potential, or soil water suction, is sometimes given in pF = log(-pressure in cm H2O). The water retention curve, soil moisture characteristic, or pF curve, is the relationship between the water content, θ, and the soil water potential, ψ. This curve is characteristic for different types of soil (1 bar = 100 kPa = 1000 cm H2O)

KURVA pF Several different models describing the pF curves exist, one of the most commonly used was developed by van Genuchten in 1980 where θs and θr are the saturated and residual water content, respectively, α, n, and m are empirical soil specific parameters

Wetting and drying curves are different Hysteresis Wetting and drying curves are different

POTENSIAL AIR TANAH The total potential consists of the moisture potential (synonyms; pore water tension, soil water suction)  and the elevation potential, z. Normally the groundwater surface is used as a reference level (z = 0)

Water movement is driven by total potential gradients PERGERAKAN AIR TANAH Water movement is driven by total potential gradients

LENGAS TANAH Lengas tanah adalah air yang terikat oleh berbagai gaya, misalnya gaya ikat matrik, osmosis dan kapiler Gaya ikat matrik berasal dari tarikan antar partikel tanah dan meningkat sesuai dengan peningkatan permukaan jenis partikel tanah dan kerapatan muatan elektrostatik partikel tanah Gaya osmosis dipengaruhi oleh zat terlarut dalam air maka meningkat dengan semakin pekatnya larutan, sedang gaya kapiler dibangkitkan oleh pori-pori tanah berkaitan dengan tegangan permukaan Jumlah ketiga gaya tersebut disebut potensial lengas tanah atau tegangan lenghas tanah, dan menjadi ukuran kemampuan tanah melawan gaya grafitasi Ukuran lengas tanah adalah cm Hg, bar, dan pF * 1 bar = 0,9869 atm = 105 Pascal = 75,007 cm Hg * Satuan cm air dibagi 1000 menjadi satuan bar * pF = Log10 cm H2O

Klasifikasi lengas tanah berdasar tegangan lengas tanah Kapasitas menahan air maksimum Jumlah air yang dikandung tanah dalam keadaan jenuh, semua pori terisis penuh air. Tegangan lengas tanah = 0 cm H2O, 0 bar atau pF 0 Kapasitas lapang Jumlah air yang terkandung tanah setelah air grafitasi hilang. Tegangan lengas = 346 cm H2O ; 0,3 bar atau pF 2,54 Titik layu tetap Tingkat kelengasan tanah yang menyebabkan tumbuhan mulai memperlihatkan gejala layu. Tegangan lengas tanah = 15,849 cm H2O ; 15 bar ; pF 4,17 Koefisien higroskopik Jumlah lengas tanah yang dijerap permukaan partikel tanah dari uap air dalam atmosfer yang berkelembaban kira-kira 100%. Tegangan lengas tanah = 31 bar ; atau pF 4,5. Kering angin Kadar air tanah setelah diangin-anginkan di tempat teduh sampai mencapai keseimbangan dengan kelengasan atmosfer. Tegangan lengas = 106 cm H2O; 1000 bar ; pF 6. Kering Oven Kadar iar tanah setelah dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu 105-110 0C sampai tidak ada lagi air yang menguap (timbangan tetap; biasanya membutuhkan waktu 16-18 jam). Tegangan lengas tanah = 107 cm H2O; 10.000 bar; atau pF 7,0.

Klasifikasi fisik Lengas Tanah: Air bebas (air gravitasi) : air yang diatus oleh gaya gravitasi. Air dalam kondisi jenuh dan berada diantara pF 0 dan pF 2,54 (diantara jenuh air dan kapasitas lapang) Air kapiler : air dalam pori-pori tanah dengan tegangan antara pF 2,54 dan 4,5 (kapasitas lapang dan koefisien higroskopis) Air higroskopis : air di permukaan tanah yang dipegang antara pF 4,5 dan 7,0 (antara koefisien higroskopis dan kering oven)

Klasifikasi Biologi Lengas Tanah Air tidak berguna : setara dengan air bebas menurut klasifikasi fisik. Kelas ini tidak berlaku bagi padi di sawah dan hidrofit yang hidup dalam jenuh air Air tersedia : air yang terdapat diantara kapasitas lapang dan titik layu tetap (pF 2,54 dan 3,17), dan Air tidak tersedia ; air yang berada pada tegangan di atas titik layu tetap (di atas pF 4,17). Air dipegang tanah dengan tegangan lebih kuat dibanding kekuatan akar menyerap air. Kandungan air dalam tanah mempengaruhi sifat tanah seperti plastisitas, kembang dan kerut tanah, konsistensi, kepadatan, aerasi Air tanah juga sangat berperan dalam siklus hidrologi.