© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 1 Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell

© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 2 Chapter 4 System Users and Developers

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 3 Learning Objectives ► Know that the organizational content for systems development and use is changing from a physical to a virtual structure. ► Know who the information specialists are and how they can be integrated into an information services organization. ► Be alert to new directions that the information services organization may take.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 4 Learning Objectives (Cont’d) ► Understand what is meant by “end-user computing” and why it came about. ► Appreciate that users, especially those with an end-user computing capability, are a valuable information resource. ► Know the benefits and risks of end-user computing.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 5 Learning Objectives (Cont’d) ► Be aware of the types of knowledge and skill that are important to systems development. ► Appreciate the value of managing the knowledge held by information specialists and users. ► Recognize the benefits and risks of the virtual office and the virtual organization.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 6 Figure 4.1 Information Systems Support for the Organization

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 7 Information Services (IS) Organization ► Information resources ► Information specialists  System analysts  Database administrators  Webmasters  Network specialists  Programmers  Operators

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 8 IS Organizational Structure ► Trend from centralized to decentralized structure.  Divisional information officer (DIO) ► Innovative  Partner model  Platform model  Scalable model

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 9 Figure 4.3 A Network Model of Information Services Organization

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 10 End-user Computing ► End-user computing (EUC) adalah pembangunan oleh pengguna atas semua atau sebagian sistem informasi mereka ► EUC dipengaruhi oleh 4 hal:  Pengaruh pendidikan komputer  Tumpukan permintaan layanan informasi  Perangkat keras yang makin murah  Perangkat lunak yang sudah jadi

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 11 Keuntungan EUC ► Kesesuaian antara kemampuan pegawai dengan tantangan ► Mengurangi kesenjangan komunikasi

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 12 Resiko dari EUC ► Sistem yg tidak ditarget dg baik ► Sistem yg tidak didesain dan didokumentasikan dg baik ► Penggunaan sumber informasi yg tidak efisien ► Kehilangan integritas data ► Kehilangan keamanan ► Kehilangan kontrol

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 13 Education Criteria, Knowledge, & Skills Needed for IS Careers ► Systems development knowledge  Computer literacy  Information literacy  Business fundamentals  Systems theory  Systems development process  Systems life cycle (SLC) & Systems development life cycle (SDLC)  Systems modeling

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 14 Table 4.1 Knowledge Requirements

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 15 Education Criteria, …(Cont’d) ► Systems development skills  Communications skills  Analytical ability  Creativity  Leadership

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 16 Table 4.2 Skills Requirement

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 17 Managing the Knowledge ► Office automation mencakup semua sistem elektronik formal dan informal yg utamanya terkait dg komunikasi informasi ke dan dari orang dalam maupun luar perusahaan ► Pergeseran dari pemecahan masalah clerical menjadi manajerial

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 18 Virtual Office ► Telecommuting menggambarkan bagaimana pekerja dapat “berangkat” kerja secara elektronik ► Hoteling : perusahaan menyediakan fasilitas sentral yg bisa digunakan bersama oleh pegawai seperti halnya hotel yg bisa dipesan.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 19 Virtual Office (Cont’d) ► Keuntungan  Mengurangi biaya fasilitas  Mengurangi biaya peralatan  Mengurangi berhentinya pekerjaan  Kontribusi sosial ► Kerugian  Moral rendah  Kekhawatiran terhadap resiko keamanan

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 20 Organisasi VIrtual ► Three I Economy adalah industri yang plg tertarik thd konsep virtual office & organisasi virtual dan industri yg menambah nilai melalui information, ideas, and intelligence.

© 2007 by Prentice HallManagement Information Systems, 10/e Raymond McLeod and George Schell 21 The Human Element ► Most important ingredient in the development & use of information systems. ► Main players  Users  Information specialists