PENGANTAR TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI Kuliah Semester TF-FTI TA.’06-’07 Dosen Pengampu : Ir. Akhmad Fauzi, MT. Ir. Purnomo Edi Sasongko, MP.

Computer Hardware Perangkat Keras

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 13 Outline (Kerangka Materi) Pendahuluan Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Komputer EvolusiComputer Hardware Hirarki Komputer Teknologi Input dan Output Trend-trend Technologis Umum Isu-isu Strategis Hardware

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 14 Definisi dan Konsepsi : Teknologi Informasi : istilah yang meliputi semua bentuk teknologi yang digunakan untuk men- cipta, menyimpan, mengubah, dan menggunakan informasi dalam berbagai bentuk (data bisnis, suara percakapan, gambar diam, gambar bergerak, presentasi multimedia, dan berbagai bentuk lainnya). Istilah yang lebih disukai adalah teknologi gabungan antara telepon dan komputer. Materi 1. Pendahuluan

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 15 Keputusan2 tentang perangkat keras berfokus pada 3 faktor yg saling terkait : Kemampuan (daya & kepantasan utk tugas pekerjaan), kecepatan, dan Biaya/harga. Hardware mengacu pada perangkat fisik yg digunakan utk aktifitas2 input, processing, output, dan storage dari sistem computer: Central processing unit (CPU) Primary storage (penyimpan utama) Secondary storage (penyimpan sekunder) Input technologies (teknologi2 input) Output technologies (teknologi2 output) Communication technologies (teknologi komunikasi)

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 16

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 17 (CPU): melaksanakan komputasi aktual atau “number crunching/olah angka” didalam komputer manapun. CPU mrpk microprocessor yg dibuat dari jutaan transistor mikroskopis yg dilekatkan dlm sirkuit pada silicon wafer or chip. Control unit: Porsi dari CPU yang mengendalikan alir informasi. Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): Porsi dari CPU yang melaksanakan kalkulasi pemrograman dan buatan perbandingan logis. Registers: Kawasan penyimpanan kecepatan tinggi di dalam CPU yang menyimpan data dan sejumlah instruksi yg sangat kecil untuk menyingkat periode waktu. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 18 Bagian2 dari microprocessor

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 19 Kompleksitas Processor Microprocessor Intel 4004 dengan 2300 transistor Thn 1969 Microprocessor Intel Itanium dengan 330 juta transistor Thn. 2005

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 110 MICROPROCESSORYEARSPEEDWORD LENGTHTRANSISTORSMIPS Intel KHz4-bit2, Intel KHz8-bit3, Intel MHz8-bit6, Intel MHz16-bit29, Intel MHz16-bit29, Intel MHz16-bit134, Intel MHz32-bit275,0004 Intel (i486) MHz32-bit1.2 Million70 Intel (Pentium) MHz32-bit3.3 Million Intel Pentium Pro MHz32-bit5.5 Million300 Intel Pentium MMX MHz32-bit4.5 Million - Intel Pentium II MHz32-bit7.5 Million - Intel Pentium III MHz32-bit> 9.5 Million - Intel Itanium Processor20001 GHz64-bit15,000,0001,200

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 111 Perkembangan Microprocessor Intel 4004 th.1969 Intel 8008 th transistor29000 transistor Intel 8088 th.1981 Intel 286 th transistor Intel 386 th transistor Intel 486 th ,2 juta transistor

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 112 Perkembangan Processor lanjutan Intel 586 Thn 1993 Intel P-II Thn 1997 Intel P-IV Thn 2000 Intel P-III Thn 1999 Intel Pentium-M Thn 2003 Intel Pentium-D Thn 2005 Intel Itanium Thn 2006

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 113 Machine instruction cycle: Siklus pemrosesan komputer, yg kecepatannya terukur dalam kaitan dengan banyaknya instruksi suatu chip memproses per detik. Clock speed: Kecepatan yg ditetapkan lebih dulu menyangkut jam komputer yg menandai semua aktivitas chip, yang diukur di dlm megahertz dan gigahertz. Word length: Bilangan bits (0-an dan 1-an) yg dapat diproses oleh CPU pada waktu kapanpun. Bus width: Ukuran dari alur phisik menurun/jatuh yang mana data dan instruksi2 melintas sbg impulse/getaran elektrik pada chip komputer Line width: Jarak antar transistor2; semakin kecil lebar jarak, semakin cepat chip. CPU lanjutan…

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 114 Computer Processing Speed Kecepatan pemrosesan komputer bergantung pada berbagaia faktor. 3 faktor utama : Word length (jumlah bits yg dapat diproses pada suatu waktu oleh microprocessor) Cycle Speed (seberapa cepat pemrosesan data, diukur dlm Megahertz) Data Bus Width (menentukan bagaimana banyak data dapat ditransfer diantara CPU dan memory) Faktor2 lain mencakup: RAM (jumlah ketersediaan random access memory) Disk Access Speed (kecepatan membaca data dari hard disk) Code Efficiency (bagaimana kode komputer didisain)

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 115 Hukum Moore Kompleksitas microprocessor akan meningkat 2 kali lipat (berdasarkan jumlah transistor) setiap 2 tahun sbg hasil dari perubahan2 berikut ini : Peningkatan miniaturisasi transistor. Pembuatan layout fisik dari komponen2 chip yg semakin kompak dan efisien Penggunaan bahan2 utk chip yg meningkatkan konduktivitas/daya hantar (aliran) dari kelistrikan. Pentargetan jumlah instruksi dasar yg diprogram ke dlm chip.

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 116 Trend Perkembangan Processor (CPU)  Hukum Moore

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 117 Mikrokontroler Chip2 komputer, yg dilekatkan dlm produk dan teknologi2, yg biasanya murah dan bekerja dlm aplikasi2 yg lebih sederhana dari pada microprocessor.

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG kategori dasar dari computer memory: Primary storage, dan secondary storage. Bit: Kependekan utk binary digit (0 dan 1), hanya data yg dapat diproses CPU. Byte: 8-bit string data, dibutuhkan utk mewakili satu karakter alfanumerik atau operasi matematik sederhana. Kapasitas Memory Kilobyte (KB): seribu bytes. Megabyte (MB): kira2 satu juta bytes (1,048,576 bytes, atau 1,024 x 1,024). Gigabyte (GB): benar2 1,073,741,824 bytes (1,024 x 1,024 x 1,024 bytes) Terabyte: satu trilliun bytes Petabyte: kira bytes. Exabyte: kira bytes. MEMORI KOMPUTER

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 119 Tipe primary storage: Registers: registers mrpk bagian dr CPU dgn kapasitas terkecil, menyimpan amat sangat terbatas jumlah instruksi dan data hanya seketika sebelum dan setelah pemrosesan. Random access memory (RAM): Bagian dari primary storage yg Berpegang pada suatu perangkat lunak program dan sejumlah kecil data manakala mereka dibawa dari penyimpansekunder Cache memory: Tipe dari primary storage dimana komputer dapat menyimpan blok data secara temporer yg lebih sering digunakan Read-only memory (ROM): Tipe primary storage di mana instruksi kritis tertentu dilindungi; penyimpan adalah nonvolatile dan mempertahankan instruksi manakala daya ke komputer dimatikan. Flash memory: Bentuk read-only memory yg dapat ditulis ulang yang kompak, portable,dan butuh sedikit energi.

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 120 Tipe, Karakteristik dan Bentuk Memory TipeKarakteristikBentuk SIMM (Single In- line Memory Module)  72 pins, contains a single notch  installed at an angle  contacts are same on both sides DIMM (Dual In- Line memory Module)  168 pins SDRAM  184 pins DDR SDRAM  240 pins DDR2-SDRAM  Installed Vertically  has two notches  contacts are different on both sides SO-DIMMS (Small Outline DIMM)  144 pins & 200 pins  Smaller than DIMMs (about 50% smaller)  Used in Notebooks Micro-DIMMS  214 pins  about one thrid size of DIMMS  used in sub-notebook PCs Flash Memory cards  many types of cards for personal digital devices  Compact Flash  Secure Digital  Memory Stick  USB pen drives

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 121 Secondary Storage Kapasitas Memory yg dapat menyimpan jumlah data sangat besar utk periode waktu yg lebih luas/lama. Nonvolatile. Memerlukan waktu jauh lebih banyak untuk mendapat kembali data oleh karena sifat ciri electromechanical Lebih murah daripada primary storage. Dapat ditempatkan pd berbagai media Magnetic tape: Media secondary storage pada suatu rol terbuka besar atau di dalam suatu kaset atau magasin lebih kecil. Sequential access: Data access dimana sistem komputer harus berjalan melalui data sesuai urutan order dlm rangka menempatkan potongan tertentu. Magnetic disks: Bentuk secondary storage pada piringan termagnetisasi dibagi ke dlm track2 dan sektor2 yg menyediakan alamat2 utk berbagai potongan2 data; juga dikenal sbg harddisk.

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 122 Hard drives: Bentuk secondary storage yg menyimpan data pda piringan2 terbagai ke dlm track2 and sector2 konsentris, yg dpt dibaca oleh head baca/tulis yg berporos melintang pada disk yg berputar. Direct access: Data access di mana bagian manapun potongan data didapat kembali di dalam suatu nonsequential cara dengan] penempatannya menggunakan alamat data Magnetic diskettes: Bentuk secondary storage mudah dibawa pada piringan Mylar feksibel; juga dikenal floppy disks. Optical storage devices: Bentuk secondary storage dimana laser membaca permukaan dari pringan plastik yg memantulkan cahaya. Compact disk, read-only memory (CD-ROM): Bentuk secondary storage yg hanya dapat dibaca dan tak dapat ditulisi. Digital video disk (DVD): Perangkat penyimpan optis yg digunakan utk menyimpan video digital atau data komputer.

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 123  Fluorescent multilayer disk (FMD-ROM): An optical storage device with much greater storage capacity than DVDs.  Memory cards: Credit-card-size storage devices that can be installed in an adapter or slot in many personal computers.  Expandable storage devices: Removable disk cartridges, used as backup storage for internal hard drives of PCs.  Enterprise storage system: An independent, external system with intelligence that includes two or more storage devices.  Redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID): An enterprise storage system that links groups of standard hard drives to a specialized microcontroller that coordinates the drives so they appear as a single logical drive. storage area network (SAN): An enterprise storage system architecture for building special, dedicated networks that allow rapid and reliable access to storage devices by multiple servers. storage over IP: Technology that uses the Internet Protocol to transport stored data between devices within a SAN; sometimes called IP over SCSI or iSCSI.

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 124 Supercomputers Mainframe Computers Midrange Computers Workstations Microcomputers HIRARKI COMPUTER

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG Super Computer 2. Mainframe Computer3. Mini Computer

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 126 Teknologi INPUT DAN OUTPUT Ada banyak format masukan (input) yg memungkinkan kita untuk mengumpulkan infor-masi, dan memasukkan data dan instruksi ke dalam komputer, serta keluarannya (output) dalam berbagai format Input Devices (Perangkat Masukan) Keyboard Mouse, Trackball, dan Track Pad Touch Screen (layar sentuh) Source Data Input Devices Imaging (scanner, camera digital) Speech Recognition/pengenalan suara (mikropon) Output Devices (Perangkat Keluaran) 1. Soft-Copy Output Devices2. Hardcopy Output Devices Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor Nonimpact Printers (most common) Flat-Panel Monitor Impact Printers Speech Output (speaker system) LCD projector

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 127 Faktor2 Pilihan Software Input DeviceDescription Human Data-Entry Devices Keyboards Most common input device (for text and numerical data). MouseHandheld device used to point cursor at point on screen, such as an icon; user clicks button on mouse instructing computer to take some action. Optical mouseMouse is not connected to computer by a cable; mouse uses camera chip to take images of surface it passes over, comparing successive images to determine its position. TrackballUser rotates a ball built into top of device to move cursor (rather than moving entire device such as a mouse). TouchpadUser moves cursor by sliding finger across a sensitized pad and then can tap pad when cursor is in desired position to instruct computer to take action (also called glide-and-tap pad). JoystickJoy stick moves cursor to desired place on screen; commonly used in workstations that display dynamic graphics and in video games. TouchscreenUsers instruct computer to take some action by touching a particular part of the screen; commonly used in information kiosks such as ATM machines. StylusPen-style device that allows user either to touch parts of a predetermined menu of options or to handwrite information into the computer (as with some PDAs); works with touchsensitive screens. Voice-recognitionConverts voice wave sounds into digital input for computer; critical technology for physically challenged people who cannot use other input devices. Source-Data Automation Input Device Automated teller machines Interactive devices that enable people to make bank transactions from remote locations. Point-of-sale terminalsComputerized cash registers that also may incorporate touch screen technology and barcode scanners (see below) to input data such as item sold, price, etc. Barcode scannersDevices scan black-and-white barcode lines printed on merchandise labels. Optical mark readerScanner for detecting presence of dark marks on predetermined grid, such as multiplechoice test answer sheets. Magnetic ink character readerRead magnetic ink printed on checks which identify the bank, checking account, and check number. Optical character recognitionSoftware that converts text into digital form for input into computer. SensorsCollect data directly from the environment and input data directly into computer; CamerasDigital cameras capture images and convert them into digital files Retinal scanning displaysProjects an image, pixel by pixel, directly onto a viewer’s retina; used with mobile devices;

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 128 Faktor2 Pilihan Software output DeviceDescription Monitors Cathode ray tubesVideo screens on which an electron beam illuminates pixels on display screen. Liquid crystal display (LCDs) Flat displays that have liquid crystals between two polarizers to form characters and images on a backlit screen. Organic light- emitting Displays that are brighter, thinner, lighter, cheaper, faster diodes (OLEDs), and take less power to run than LCDs. Retinal scanning displays Project image directly onto a viewer’s retina; used in medicine, air traffic control, and controlling industrial machines. Printers Impact Slow, noisy, subject to mechanical failure, but inexpensive. Nonimpact: LaserUse laser beams to write information on photosensitive drums; produce high-resolution text and graphics. InkjetShoot fine streams of colored ink onto paper; less expensive than laser printers, but offer less resolution quality. PlottersUse computer-directed pens for creating high-quality images, blueprints, schematics, drawing of new products, etc. Voice OutputConverts digital data to intelligible speech.

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 129 TREND TECHNOLOGIS UMUM Cost-Performance Ratio of Chips: Improvement by a Factor of At Least 100 Storage Self-Healing Computers Sensor Webs Nanotechnology Quantum Computing

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 130 Trend Perkembangan Teknologi Komputer Generasi Pertama Generasi Pertama Generasi Kedua Generasi Kedua Generasi Ketiga Generasi Ketiga Generasi Keempat Generasi Keempat Generasi Kelima Generasi Kelima Vacuum Tubes Vacuum Tubes Solid-State Integrated Circuits Integrated Circuits LSI, VLSI Micro- processors LSI, VLSI Micro- processors Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Greater Power, Smaller Footprint Trend: Semakin Kecil, Cepat, Dapat Dipercaya, Murah Trend: Semakin mudah dibeli, dan mudah pemeliharaannya

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 131 Beberapa contoh teknologi terkini

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 132 Sensor Webs: A group of pods (small metal boxes) set up to collect various kinds of information, communicate with nearby pods, and in some cases, communicate wirelessly with outside devices. Nanotechnology: The creation of materials, devices, and systems at a scale of 1 to 100 nanometres (milyaran meter).

“ Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons Inc.” TG 133 Bagaimana cara organisasi menjaga dengan kemajuan harga/kinerja yang cepat di dalam perangkat keras? Komputer jinjing dan teknologi komunikasi lanjut sudah memungkinkan karyawan untuk bekerja dari rumah atau dari di manapun. ISU2 STRATEGIS HARDWARE