GOOD PARENTING Dr.dr.Kusnandi Rusmil,SpA(K),MM Ka Divisi Tumbuh Kembang-Pediatri Sosial IKA FK Unpad

Anak : Insan yang sedang tumbuh dan berkembang Belum matang Masa Anak (WHO): Dalam kandungan s/d 18 th Perlu Lingkungan yang konduksif

CIRI KHAS ANAK Tumbuh Kembang Melalui tahapan yang sesuai OPTIMAL

PENGERTIAN TUMBUH: Tambah besar KEMBANG: Tambah pintar

Tahapan Tumbuh-Kembang Teratur Saling berkaitan Saling berkaitan saat konsepsi sampai dewasa Berkesinambungan Tahapannya : - Masa dalam kandungan (masa embrio, masa fetus) - Masa setelah lahir (masa neonatal, masa bayi, masa prasekolah, masa sekolah, dan masa remaja) kebutuhan dan kerentanan sendiri.

PRINSIP-PRINSIP UMUM KHA (Konvensi Hak Anak) 1.Non Diskriminasi 2.The Best Interests of The Child 4.Partisipasi/ Menghargai Pendapat Anak dlm: Sebagai Landasan Pembuatan Kebijakan Pemerintah * Lembaga Keluarga * Lembaga di Masy * Lembaga2 Negara 3. Hak Hidup; Kelangsungan Hidup; Perkembangan

Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi tumbuh kembang anak: Genetik Lingkungan Genetik : Potensi genetik anak Lingkungan :Menentukan potensi maksimal

PROSES TUMBUH KEMBANG ANAK KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL PROSES TUMBUH KEMBANG ANAK LINGKUNGAN MIKRO MINI MAKRO MESO ORGANISASI PROFESI “IDAI” KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH “DEPKES” ORG. NASIO-NAL/INTER NUTRISI ASI PASI MPASI IBU Pendidikan Gizi KB SUASANA RUMAH SARANA PELAYANAN KESEHATAN KELUARGA Nenek/Kakek Ayah Saudara SARANA IBADAH SARANA PENDIDIKAN KEBUTUHAN DASAR ANAK ASUH ASIH ASAH TUMBUH - KEMBANG PRENATAL  NEONATUS  BAYI  BALITA  ANAK  REMAJA SI-300404 Ismael S,1991

Higiene diri, sanitasi lingkungan KEBUTUHAN DASAR ANAK Nutrisi Pakaian Perumahan Pelayanan kesehatan Higiene diri, sanitasi lingkungan ASUH

MAKANAN YANG BAIK Konsep Lama: 4 sehat 5 sempurna gizi seimbang Konsep Baru : Gizi seimbang Membantu dan mengatur fungsi organ tubuh dalam sistem pertahanan terhadap penyakit

Makanan/Nutrisi Zat Gizi Karbohidrat Protein Lemak Air Vitamin Mineral

Zat gizi lain Beta-carotene Makanan berserat Asam lemak (AA + DHA) Protein nabati Prebiotik dan probiotik

ASI TETAP YANG TERBAIK Ibu bekerja Produksi ASI kurang ASI + SUSU FORMULA

Rasa aman, harga diri, mandiri KEBUTUHAN DASAR ANAK Kasih sayang orang tua Rasa aman, harga diri, mandiri Rasa memiliki Kebutuhan akan sukses Kebutuhan mendapat kesempatan dan pengalaman ASIH

Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan otak KEBUTUHAN DASAR ANAK Stimulasi kebutuhan dasar anak seawal dan sedini mungkin, sampai 4-5 tahun setelah lahir Golden periode Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan otak Pendidikan formal dan non formal ASAH

Mengulang, Membiasakan Perilaku, Kecerdasan dan Kreatifitas Kecerdasan, Kreativitas, dan Perilaku Anak Mendengar, melihat (dari orangtua, pengasuh, kakak, adik, teman, TV, guru, tetangga) Meniru Mencoba Melakukan Merasakan Membayangkan Mengingat Mengulang, Membiasakan Kebebasan berkreasi Perilaku, Kecerdasan dan Kreatifitas

Sel saraf dan sinap (cabang)

Perkembangan Otak Pembentukan sinaps yang tergantung stimulasi dini

Tipe orang tua Authoritative ~ Demokratis/ Seimbang Otoriter Permisif High Love and High Limits Otoriter Low Love and High Limits Permisif High Love and Low Limits Uninvolved ~ tidak banyak terlibat/ menolak/Neglect Low Love and Low Limits

Demokratis Kebebasan Dalam Batasan Menekankan kebebasan di antara hak orang-orang sekitarnya dan tanggung jawab terhadapnya Orang tua membuat batasan dan mendorong adanya aturan Mau mendengar keinginan dan pertanyaan anak Terdapat kasih sayang dan batasan Anak berkontribusi dalam diskusi masalah dan membuat beberapa keputusan untuk dirinya

Dapat menjadi keras bila diperlukan, namun menerangkan alasan di belakangnya Menghargai keinginan, opini, dan kepribadian unik anak Kasih sayang, konsisten, dan memiliki pengharapan Mengikombinasikan mengontrol dengan dorongan Pengharapan yang masuk akal dengan aturan yang realistis

Keluaran Tipe Demokratis Bahagia Seringkali percaya diri Seringkali dapat menahan diri Bergaul dan dermawan Kooperatif Memiliki cita-cita yang tinggi Jarang menjadi sosok pengganggu atau penjahat

Otoriter Batasan Tanpa Kebebasan Kata-kata orang tua adalah hukum, kontrol absolut ada pada orang tua Kesalahan akan dihukum Kasih sayang dan pujian jarang diberikan Orang tua mengontrol sikap dan kebiasaan anak Mereka menghargai “kepatuhan tanpa bertanya” Anak diberitahu cara, bagaimana, dimana, dan kapan mereka melakukan sesuatu

Keluaran Tipe Otoriter Patuh Tidak mudah percaya Rasa tidak Puas Menarik diri Tidak bahagia Cenderung menyerang Tidak bercita-cita tinggi Seringkali memberontak

Permisif Kebebasan Tanpa Batasan Orang tua memperbolehkan anaknya melakukan keinginannya Kurang respek kepada rutinitas dan aturan Orang tua memiliki pengharapan yang tidak tinggi terhadap anak Tidak nampak ketidaksabaran

Tidak terlibat (Uninvolved) Memberikan sedikit sekali dukungan emosional kepada anak Tidak berharap banyak atau standar kepana anak Menunjukkan hanya sedikit ketertarikan terhadap kehidupan anak Sibuk dengan urusan sendiri

Keluaran: Tidak patuh Ketergantungan Kemampun mengontrol diri yang rendah Mudah frustasi Kurang memiliki tujuan jangka panjang

7 Standar Parenting yang Efektif 1 Hargai Anak 2 Sayangi Anak 3 Asah Anak 1 Value your child. Effective parents always treat their children as valued, important and worthwhile people. These parents are intent on building up their children’s self-esteem through honest praise and age-appropriate levels of independence. These parents understand their children and are always loyal to the best desires, instincts and dreams their children possess. For example: • Tell your child you are proud of her. • Praise your child for doing a good job, for completing a task. • No matter what happens, tell your child you love him. 2 Nurture your child. Effective parents consistently display love for their children through positive touch (hugs, kisses, holding close), through eye contact and through positive words of encouragement and support. Effective parents tell their children, “I love you” – verbally, physically and emotionally. These parents spend time with their children frequently. • Look directly at your child when he talks to you. Respond physically – with a hug or gentle pat on the shoulder – when your child tells you a story or concern. • Physically comfort your child when he is frightened or ill. • Show pleasure in your child’s accomplishments with a hug or pat on the shoulder or through verbal affirmation. 3 Teach your child. Effective parents recognize that much of a child’s learning comes from the parents’ actions and words. Effective parents are flexible and adaptive, sensitively challenging their children to grow cognitively, socially and emotionally – appropriate to their children’s age and development. • Teach by living. Model a positive life by being positive yourself. • Treat your children as you would like them to treat themselves … and you! 4 Speak the truth. Effective parents do not knowingly tell falsehoods or intend to deceive, but build trust by speaking the truth in love. Effective parents realize it is sometimes better to say little or nothing and allow their children to trust than to lie and undermine confidence. Establishing a trusting relationship with your child will make it easier for your child to confide in you. • If you don’t know the answer to a question, say so; then find a source that will give the answer. • Be someone your child can trust and come to for answers to difficult questions. • Tell your child you are proud of her for sharing concerns and questions with you. Try not to act shocked or upset when your child shares sensitive thoughts or experiences with you. 4 Jujur

7 Standar Parenting yang Efektif 5 Disiplin 6 Berikan semangat 7 Jangan Menyerah 5 Discipline your child. Effective parents offer compassionate, consistent and honest correction. These parents are not quick-tempered and do not hold a grudge or keep a record of wrongs. Instead, these parents offer reasonable and clearly understood guidelines for their children to follow. Through patience and gentle but firm actions and words, effective parents guide their children’s growth and moral reasoning. For example: • Make and explain simple, age-appropriate rules for your child. • If a rule is broken, discipline with a consistent, safe punishment like a short, quiet time alone without play. • Parents do get angry. It is okay to let your child know you are angry at his behavior. • If feeling overwhelmed, call a friend. Get help. 6 Encourage your child. Effective parents always look out for the interests and needs of their children first, before their own. They are constantly alert for the physical and verbal cues infants and children give. Theseparents always seek to understand their children’s growth and to respond appropriately to meet the needs of their children. They care as much for their children as they care for themselves. • Spend time with your child doing things she enjoys. • As you see your child developing a particular interest, encourage her in the way her interests and abilities show. • Help your child get started, then allow more independence. • Read a book together, a chapter each night. • Go for a walk together once a week. • Cook a favorite meal together, or go out to dinner with just your child once a month. 7 Never give up. Effective parents admit their fears and faults. In times of crisis, or when unsure what is right or wrong, effective parents do what they think and feel is best. These parents create a network of informed friends and professionals to whom they can turn for help and advice. • Realize there is no single “right” way to parent. • Challenge yourself to find new and different solutions to problems. • Talk to friends and to other parents who have experienced your struggles about ideas for helping. • Call a counselor. Every parent needs help and understanding. It is available, so ask for it.

Tumbuh kembang optimal Pencapaian pertumbuhan dan perkembangan terbaik sesuai potensi genetik yang ada pada anak tersebut Dapat tercapai bila kebutuhan dasar anak(asuh, asih, asah) terpenuhi

Anak anak yang menderita,kekerasan, exploitasi, pelecehan dan penelantaran menghadapi resiko: Usia yang lebih pendek; Kesehatan fisik dan mental yg buruk; Masalah pendidikan (termasuk DO dari sekolah); Kemampuan yg terbatas sebagai orang tua kelak ;

David Beckham Ronaldo

Enstein Peraih Nobel Kimia

terimakasih