H A R B O R

Harbor  kapal dapat masuk dan berlindung dari angin & gelombang Port  harbor dengan fasilitas untuk docking, cargo handling & storage, dan transfer of passenger Marina  shallow draft harbor terutama untuk kapal-kapal kecil untuk rekreasi

Protective structures HARBOR ENGINEERING Protective structures waterways docks } loading cargo discharging repair

HARBOR HARBOR natural seminatural artificial dredging breakwater military commercial refuge Privately owned municipal

} Karakter Penting untuk Harbor (commercial) Easy access Good anchorage safe During any condition of weather and state of tide

Size of a harbor: Penggunaan tugs Jumlah dan ukuran kapal Existing site conditions

Small Artificial Harbor 750 ft 1000 ft 500 ft channel 600 ft piers 400 ft 1500 ft Small Artificial Harbor

> Space for docks Usual minimum harbor area Free turning 2 length of the largest ship Radius ≥ Turning basin Limited turning Minimum diameter 20% length of the largest ship >

Medium-sized artificial harbor with full-sized turning basin Turning circle 200 ft 200 ft 800 ft 1000 ft 400 ft Small boat basin 2250 ft 1800 ft Medium-sized artificial harbor with full-sized turning basin

Breakwaters Location & extent Size & Direction of maximum waves Configuration of the shoreline Size of harbor to be protected

Tujuan : membuat harbor menjadi tenang Untuk comfortable breathing: wave height < 2 ft sebaiknya wind speed < 10 – 15 mi / h Note : angin & arus sering lebih mengganggu daripada waves

Ship enters Ship leaves Two entrance harbor

Not feasible or economical to construct a dock Offshore mooring or Offshore anchorage area Ships carrying explosives or dangerous cargo Quarantine inspection To await docking space To await favorable weather conditions

Be careful with ebb & flood tide (current)!!! width Small harbors 300 ft Medium harbors 400 – 500 ft Large harbors 500 – 1000 ft To reduce wave height Be careful with ebb & flood tide (current)!!! function Harbor entrance location On the lee side Effects on vertical surface Increased wave heights reflection scour

NOTE: >> arus dari ebb & flood harus dicegah dari melebihi 4 ft/s, karena akan mengakibatkan gangguan navigasi dan scour >> untuk mencegah scour pada dinding vertikal: Wave-deflecting walls Buat “beach” (wave-absorbing beach) Buat “hollow structure” Wave traps

CHANNEL DEPTH Main criteria : sufficient depth to permit navigation at lowest low water when ships are fullt-loaded Faktor lain: # surge of the ship (about one half the wave height) # squat when in motion # 1 m (2 – 4 ft) clearance under the keel # type of the bottom (soft mud / sand / hard rock) # draft of the largest ship (eg: supertankers  deadweight tonnage = 300.000 tons; draft > 80 ft) # tides : - artificial tidal working of ports - natural tidal working of ports