ANATOMI PERBANDINGAN VERTEBRATA Novi Febrianti

SEKILAS ANATOMI Anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti memotong Istilah-istilah anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani dan Latin

Cabang –cabang Anatomi: Microscopic anatomy/Anatomi mikroskopis (Sitologi, Histologi) Developmental anatomy/Anatomi perkembangan (Embriologi) Comparative anatomy/Anatomi perbandingan

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Mempelajari susunan tubuh hewan vertebrata Membandingkan susunan organ tubuh antar kelas pada sub phylum vertebrata Tubuh hewan terbagi menjadi : - caput / chepala : kepala - collum / cervix : leher - trunchus : badan - cauda : ekor - extremitas : anggota badan bebas ^ ant / pos ^ sup / inv

TERMINOLOGI Anterior – posterior (arah) Superior – inferior (arah) Dorsal : daerah punggung Ventral : daerah perut Lateral : daerah samping / sisi Cranial : daerah kepala Caudal : daerah ekor Abdominal : daerah badan Thoracal : daerah dada (dalam dada)

TERMINOLOGI Sinister : kiri Dexter : kanan Medial : daerah tengah Linea mediana : garis tengah tubuh Proximal : lebih kearah / dekat LM Distal : lebih menjauhi LM Origo : titik pangkal tidak bergerak Insersio : : menimbulkan gerak

TERMINOLOGI Organ analog Mayor = besar Minor = kecil Pectoral : dada Pelvis : punggung bawah Bilateral simetri

Simetri tubuh Simetri radial Simetri bilateral BAB 9 DUNIA HEWAN Dorsal Bidang simetri Posterior Bidang simetri Dorsal Ventral Anterior Ventral Simetri radial Simetri bilateral

Tiga kelompok hewan triploblastik BAB 9 DUNIA HEWAN Tiga kelompok hewan triploblastik Cacing pipih Cacing gilig Mesoderm (otot) Ektoderm Pseudoselom Ektoderm Endoderm (usus) Organ internal Endoderm (usus) Mesoderm (otot) Mesenkim Aselomata Pseudoselomata Cacing tanah Mesoderm (otot) Ektoderm Selom Organ internal Endoderm (usus) Mesoderm (peritoneum) Selomata

Sistem penyokong tubuh hewan BAB 9 DUNIA HEWAN Sistem penyokong tubuh hewan Cangkang luar Tubuh lintah dibentuk oleh cairan di dalam tubuhnya Endoskeleton Eksoskeleton

Sistem tubuh pada hewan BAB 9 DUNIA HEWAN Sistem tubuh pada hewan Usus bagian dari sistem saluran pencernaan Otak kecil Otak sederhana dengan dua ganglion Lambung Saluran kelamin Testis Ovarium Eksoskeleton Notokorda berada di sepanjang tubuh bagian ventral Kelenjar pencernaan Otak besar Paru-paru Ginjal Jantung Usus Pembuluh darah

PHYLUM CHORDATA Ciri – ciri : Adanya dorsal tubular nerve cord, pada keadaan embrio, larva atau seumur hidup. Mempunyai notochord, minimal pada fase embrio Pada dinding pharynx ada lubang- lubang/celah-celah pada keadaan larva atau seumur hidup (pharyngeal slits). Mempunyai ekor

Anatomy of a Chordate

Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicates notochord present only in free-swimming larvum notochord does not extend into head larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding adult is sessile filter feeder

Subphylum Urochordata sea squirts or tunicate Campbell p 631 Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

Subphylum Cephalochordata “head” cord lancelet or Amphioxus notochord present throughout life – extends into head region shallow marine waters chordate characteristics developed and apparent in adult tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes adults resemble tunicate larvum

Anatomy of a lancelet

Cephalochordata: lancelet

Subphylum Vertebrata General Characteristics: chordates with a backbone exhibit cephalization closed circulatory system neural crest (p. 633)

Subphylum Vertebrata Agnatha (without jaws) lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/ rasping tongue hagfish – mainly scavengers no paired appendages larvum resembles lancelet

Agnatha: a sea lamprey

Lamprey mouth

Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) flexible endoskeletons of cartilage strengthened by calcium granules sharks (internal fertilization) oviparous – egg laying ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch within the uterus viviparous – young develop in the uterus suspension-feeders (plankton)

Cephalochordata: lancelet

Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

Subphylum Vertebrata Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate matrix Operculum- protective flap Swim bladder – controls buoyancy

Seahorse

Subphylum Vertebrata Amphibia first tetrapods (“two lives”) first tetrapods transition to land – still tied to water for respiration and reproduction Gills  lungs (metamorphosis) Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

Subphylum Vertebrata Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644) (to creep) lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila monsters, crocodiles, alligators first true land animal Scales, lungs, amniotic egg no feathers cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy conservation)

Hatching reptile

Subphylum Vertebrata Fossil links………… Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles and birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird- reptile Clawed forelimbs Teeth Long tail w/ vertebrae

Archaeopteryx

Aves (bird) Subphylum Vertebrata feathered few flightless: ostrich, kiwi, emu breastbone with keel – carina – permitting flight jays, sparrows, warblers, etc

Subphylum Vertebrata Mammalia (breast) Hair or fur of keratin Active metabolism = endothermic Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered heart Layer of fat Mammary glands, tooth differentiation

Subphylum Vertebrata Mammalia (breast) Monotremes – egg-laying mammals (Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters) Placental mammals Marsupial mammals – kangaroo, opossum

Marsupial & Placental Mammals