SETTING STANDARDS AND ANALYZING VARIANCES STANDARD COSTING SETTING STANDARDS AND ANALYZING VARIANCES

STANDARD COST Karakteristik : a. Biaya yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya untuk memproduksi satu atau lebih unit selama suatu periode tertentu. b. Memiliki 2 komponen,yaitu : Physical standard (standar fisik=standar input untuk per unit output) Price standard (standard harga=standar harga untuk per unit input)

Usefulness of Standard Costs Establishing Budgets Controlling costs by motivating employees and measuring operating efficiencies Simplifying costing procedures and expediting cost reports Assigning cost to materials, work in process, and finished goods inventories. Establishing contract bids and setting prices

Setting Standards Physical Standard, meliputi : Basic Standard dan Current Standard Basic Standard ( Standar Dasar ) : Tolok ukur yang digunakan untuk membandingkan kinerja yang diperkirakan dengan kinerja aktual. Current Standard ( Standar Sekarang ) meliputi : a. Expected Actual Standard Standar yang paling mendekati dengan hasil aktual b. Normal Standard Standar dalam kondisi normal, menantang namun dicapai

Setting Standards c. Theoretical Standard Standard maksimum yang dicita -citakan untuk dicapai suatu saat nanti.

Determining Standard Cost Variances Materials Standards & Variances, meliputi Price standard, materials quantity dan usage standard. .. Price standard, dapat digunakan untuk : Memantau kinerja Dept. pembelian Mengukur dampak naik/turun harga thp.laba Price variances terjadi bila Actual price tidak sama dengan Standard price.

Materials Standards and Variances Bila price variances dicatat saat pembelian material materials purchase price variances. Note : Supaya dept. pembelian bertanggung jawab atas hasil pembelian bahan bakunya maka variances sebaiknya dicatat saat pembelian. Tapi bila price variances dicatat saat penggunaan  materials price usage variances Figure 18-1 page 18-6 merupakan dasar bagi perhitungan berikutnya.

Materials Standards and Variance Materials Purchase Price Variance (MPPV) Q x UC = Amount Actual Q Purchased 10.000 x 7.44(A) = 74.400 Actual Q Purchased 10.000 x 7.50(S) = 75.000 Materials Purchase Price Variance 10.000 x (0.6) = (600) F .. Materials Price Usage Variance (MPUV) Actual Q Used 9.500 x 7.44(A) = 70.680 Actual Q Used 9.500 x 7.50(S) = 71.250 Materials Price Usage Variance 9.500 x (0.6) = (570) F .. Materials Inventory Variance ( MIV) :

Materials Standards and Variances .. Materials Inventory Variance (MIV) Q x UC = Amount Actual Q Purchased 10.000 x 7.5(S) = 75.000 Actual Q Used 9.500 x 7.5(S) = 71.250 Materials Inventory V 500 x 7.5(S) = 3.750 UF .. Materials Quantity/Usage Variance Actual Q Used 9.500 x 7.5(S) = 71.250 Standard Q Allowed 9.336 x 7.5(S) = 70.020 Materials Q Variance 164 x 7.5(S) = 1.230 UF

Labor Standards and Variances Labor Rate Variance Q UC Amount Actual Hours Work 1.632 x 12.50(A) = 20.400 Actual Hours Work 1.632 x 12.00(S) = 19.584 Labor Rate Variance 1.642 x 0.5 = 816 UF .. Labor Efficiency Variance Actual Hours Work 1.632 x 12.00(S) = 19.584 Standard Hours Allowed1.504 x 12.00(S) = 18.048 Labor Efficiency Variance 128 x 12.00(S) = 1.536 UF

Factory Overhead Standards and Variances Penentuan Tariff ( pada Kapasitas normal) Total Factory Overhead : Activity Information : Actual FOH 24.422 Standards Hours allowed for actual production (4.512 x 1/3 standard labor hour per unit) 1.504 Actual direct labor hours used 1.632 .. Overall FOH Variances Actual FOH 24.422 FOH chargeable to work in process standard (1.504 standard hours allowed x $15 22.560 Overall or net FOH Variance 1.862 UF

Factory Overhead Standards and Variances, 2-Variance Method Two-Variances Method : Controllable Variance Actual FOH …………………………. 24.422 Budget Allowance based on standards hours allowed : Variable FOH (1.504 SH)x$3 variable overhead rate 4.512 Budget Fixed FOH 19.200 23.712 CONTROLLABLE VARIANCE 710 UF

Factory Overhead Standards and Variances, 2-Variance Method Volume Variance : Budget allowance based on standard hour allowed 23.712 FOH chargeable to work in process at standard (1.504 SH allowedx$15standard overhead rate) 22.560 VOLUME VARIANCE 1.152 UF

Factory Overhead Standards and Variances, 3-Variance Method Spending Variance Actual FOH incurred 24.422 Budget allowance based on actual hours : Variable overhead (1.632 AH x$3 variable overhead rate 4.896 Budget fixed overhead 19.200 24.096 SPENDING VARIANCE 326 UF

Factory Overhead Standards and Variances, 3-Variance Method Variable Efficiency Variance Budget allowance based on Actual Hours worked 24.096 Budget allowance based on Standard Hours allowed 23.712 VARIABLE EFFICIENCY VARIANCE 384 UF

Factory Overhead Standards and Variances, 3-Variance Method Volume Variance $ 1.152 UF 3-Variance Method : Spending Variance 326 UF Variable Efficiency Variance 384 UF Volume Variance 1.152 UF Total 1.862 UF