ANALISA LAPORAN KEUANGAN DAN KINERJA BISNIS F0282 Disusun oleh: Drs. Murniadi Purboatmodjo, MM Universitas Bina Nusantara Fakultas Ekonomi Jurusan Akuntansi Jakarta 2006

LAPORAN KEUANGAN (Pendahuluan) Chapter 1 LAPORAN KEUANGAN (Pendahuluan)

Financial Statements--MAP Form basis for understanding the financial position of a firm Allow users to assess historical and prospective financial performance Present picture of firm’s financial health, leading to informed business decisions (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Financial Statements--MAZE Contain large amounts of information Accounting policies and reporting requirements are complex and constantly changing Allow management considerable discretion Hide or omit key information (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

To ensure that financial statements serve as a map, not a maze Our Goal: To ensure that financial statements serve as a map, not a maze The better one can read and understand the financial statements, the more useful they are as a MAP to intelligent decision-making (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Why use financial statements? Savvy use of financial statements allows user to assess: Financial position of the company Success of its operations Policies and strategies of management Insight into future performance (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Volume of Information The Annual Report Financial statements Notes to the financial statements The auditor’s report Five-year summary of key financial data (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

The Annual Report Continued High and low stock prices Management’s discussion and analysis of operations Material included at the imagination and discretion of management (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Financial Statements Are prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

GAAP Two authorities primarily responsible for establishing GAAP in the United States are the SEC and the FASB (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

SEC Stands for Securities and Exchange Commission Regulates US companies that issue securities to the public (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

FASB Stands for Financial Accounting Standards Board Comprised of 7 full-time paid members Issues Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) and Interpretations Lengthy deliberation process (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

The Four Basic Financial Statements Balance Sheet Income Statement or Earnings Statement Statement of Shareholders’ Equity Statement of Cash Flows (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Financial Statement Notes: Are an INTEGRAL part of the statements Provide summary of accounting policies Present detail about particular accounts (e.g. inventory, investments, etc.) Include other information (e.g. leasing arrangements, pending legal proceedings, income taxes, etc.) (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Financial Statement Notes: Continued Contain some supplementary information required by SEC and FASB Examples include: Information on foreign currency translations for firms doing business in/with foreign countries Information by segment for firms with several lines of business (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Keterbatasan Laporan Keuangan Merupakan Interim Report. Standar Nilai berbeda/berubah-ubah Disusun berdasarkan trasaksi keuangan berbagai waktu yang lalu Tidak mencerminkan berbagai faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi keadaan keuangn perusahaan (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Perlunya Pemeriksaan Oleh Akuntan Publik Dengan adanya keterbatasan yang dimiliki oleh Laporan Keuangan, maka diperlukan pemeriksaan oleh Akuntan Publik. Akuntan Publik setelah mengadakan pelitian dengan stradar dan prosedur pemeriksaan yang lazim, kemudian akan memberikan pendapatnya akan kewajaran Laporan keungan yang disajikan oleh perusahaan yang telah sesuai dengan Prisip-prinsip Akuntasi secara konsisten dari tahun ke tahun. (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Auditor’s Report Unqualified Qualified Adverse opinion Scope limitation Disclaimer of opinion (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Auditor’s Report Continued Unqualified (what you want!)-- statements present information in conformity with GAAP Qualified (not what you want)—are reports other than an unqualified opinion (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Auditor’s Report Continued Adverse opinion states that the financial statements have not been presented fairly in accordance with GAAP Scope limitation means that the extent of the audit work has been limited (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Auditor’s Report Continued Disclaimer of opinion: Keep in mind that auditor is hired by the firm being audited--always the possibility of conflict of interest (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) Sometimes labeled “Financial Review” Contains information that cannot be found in the financial data (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Bentuk laporan Keuangan Neraca Adalah laporan sistematis tentang Aktiva, Hutang dan Modal dari perusahaan pada saat tertentu Tujuan Neraca menunjukkan posisi Keuangan suatu perusahaan pada tanggal tertentu, biasanya pada waktu tutup buku di akhir tahun fiskal (C) 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.