NERACA DAN LAPORAN ARUS KAS

NERACA DAN LAPORAN ARUS KAS

Topik Manfaat dan kelemahan informasi Neraca Neraca menurut PSAK 1
Laporan Arus Kas menurut PSAK 2 Neraca menurut US GAAP Laporan Arus Kas menurut US GAAP 1. On the topic, “Challenges Facing Financial Accounting,” what did the AICPA Special Committee on Financial Reporting suggest should be included in future financial statements? Non-financial Measurements (customer satisfaction indexes, backlog information, and reject rates on goods purchases). Forward-looking Information Soft Assets (a company’s know-how, market dominance, marketing setup, well-trained employees, and brand image). Timeliness (no real time financial information)

Usefulness and Purpose of the Balance Sheet.
Provides information about entity’s assets, liabilities, and equity. Evaluation of liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility. Aids in assessing risk and predicting future cash flows. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Limitations of the Balance Sheet.
Current value is not reflected. Estimates and judgments must be utilized: in determining the collectibility of receivables. in assessing the salability of inventory. in determining the useful lives of long-term assets. Omits many items that are of financial value to the business. Assets such as the value of a company’s human resources and research and development are not reported. Some liabilities or commitments such as leases and certain contractual arrangements are reported in an “off balance sheet” manner. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Perubahan - Penyajian Laporan Keuangan
Cakupan minimal dalam laporan keuangan: Laporan posisi keuangan awal periode komparatif sajian akibat penerapan retrospektif, penyajian kembali, atau reklasifikasi pos-pos laporan keuangan. Informasi yang disajikan dalam laporan keuangan: aset, kewajiban, ekuitas, pendapatan dan beban, kontribusi dari dan distribusi kepada pemilik. Tidak mengatur pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas laporan keuangan PSAK 1

Perubahan - Penyajian Laporan Keuangan
Entitas membuat pernyataan kepatuhan atas SAK dalam laporan keuangan Penyimpanan dari PSAK diijinkan jika kepatuhan PSAK bertentangan dengan tujuan keuangan dalam KPPPLK Memilih menerapkan kebijakan akuntansi yang tidak diatur dalam PSAK. Tidak diatur waktu penyampaian laporan PSAK 1

Laporan Posisi Keuangan
PSAK 1 IAS 1 PSAK 1

Pos Laporan Posisi Keuangan
Properi investasi Aset biolojik Total asset yang diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliku untuk dijual dan aset yang masuk dalam kelompok lepasan (disposal group) yang diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliki untuk dijual. Kewajian dan aset pajak kini Kewajian pajak tangguhan dan aset pajak tangguhan Kewajiban yang termasuk dalam kelompok lepasan yang diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliki untuk dijual. PSAK 1

Laporan Posisi Keuangan
Entitas menyajikan pos-pos tambahan, judul dan subtotal dalam laporan posisi keuangan jika penyajian tersebut relevan untuk pemahaman posisi keuangan entitas. Entitas menyajikan aset lancar dan tidak lancar dan laibilitas jangka pendek dan jangka panjang sebagai klasifikasi yang terpisah dalam laporan posisi keuangan, maka aset (laibilitas) pajak tangguhan tidak boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai aset lancar (laibilitas jangka pendek). PSAK 1

Perusahaan keuangan berdasarkan likuiditas
Pos dalam Laporan Penyajian aset lancar dan tidak lancar dan laibilitas jangka pendek dan jangka panjang sebagai klasifikasi yang terpisah. Kecuali penyajian berdasarkan likuiditas memberikan informasi yang lebih relevan dan dapat diandalkan maka digunakan urutan likuiditas. Perusahaan keuangan berdasarkan likuiditas Pemisahan jumlah yang diharapkan dapat dipulihkan atau diselesaikan setelah lebih dari dua belas bulan untuk setiap pos aset dan laibilitas, jika nilainya digabung. PSAK 1

Aset lancar Klasifikasi aset lancar, jika:
mengharapkan akan merealisasikan aset, atau bermaksud untuk menjual atau menggunakannya, dalam siklus operasi normal; memiliki aset untuk tujuan diperdagangkan; mengharapkan akan merealisasi aset dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan setelah pelaporan; atau kas atau setara kas (PSAK 2: Laporan Arus Kas) kecuali aset tersebut dibatasi pertukarannya atau penggunaannya untuk menyelesaikan laibilitas sekurang-kurangnya 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan. Entitas mengklasifikasikan aset yang tidak termasuk kategori tersebut sebagai aset tidak lancar. PSAK 1

Liabiltas lancar Klasifikasi laibilitas lancar, jika:
mengharapkan akan menyelesaikan laibilitas tersebut dalam siklus operasi normalnya; memiliki laibilitas tersebut untuk tujuan diperdagangkan; laibilitas tersebut jatuh tempo untuk diselesaikan dalam jangka waktu 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan; atau tidak memiliki hak tanpa syarat untuk menunda penyelesaian laibilitas selama sekurangkurangnya 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan. Entitas mengklasifikasi laibilitas yang tidak termasuk kategori tersebut sebagai laibilitas jangka panjang. PSAK 1

Liabilitas Laibilitas keuangan yang dibiayai kembali yang akan jatuh tempo dalam 12 bulan setelah periode pelaporan diklasifikasikan sebagai laibilitas jangka pendek, jika entitas tidak memiliki hak tanpa syarat untuk membiayai kembali. Pelanggaran perjanjian utang yang mengakibatkan kreditur meminta percepatan pembayaran, maka laibilitas tersebut disajikan sebagai laibilitas jangka pendek, meskipun kreditur mengijinkan penundaan pembayaran selama 12 bulan setelah tanggal pelaporan tetapi persetujuan tersebut diperoleh setelah tanggal pelaporan PSAK 1

Balance Sheet Classification in the Balance Sheet
Three General Classifications Assets, Liabilities, and Stockholders’ Equity Companies further divide these classifications: Illustration Balance Sheet Classification Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Balance Sheet Current Assets
Cash and other assets a company expects to convert into cash, sell, or consume either in one year or in the operating cycle, whichever is longer. Illustration Accounts and basis of valuation Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Current Asset Classification

Balance Sheet – “Current Assets”
Cash Generally any monies available “on demand.” Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that will mature within three months or less. Any restrictions or commitments must be disclosed. Illustration 5-3 Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Short-Term Investments Portfolios Type Valuation Classification Held-to-Maturity Debt Amortized Cost Current or Noncurrent Trading Debt or Equity Fair Value Current Available- for-Sale Debt or Equity Fair Value Current or Noncurrent Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Receivables Claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services. Accounts receivable – oral promises Notes receivable – written promises Major categories of receivables should be shown in the balance sheet or the related notes. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Accounts Receivable – Presentation Options 1 Current Assets: Cash $ 346 Accounts receivable 500 Less allowance for doubtful accounts Inventory Total current assets $1,633 2 Current Assets: Cash $ 346 Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowance 475 Inventory Total current assets $1,633 Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Inventories Company discloses: basis of valuation (e.g., lower-of-cost-or-market) and the method of pricing (e.g., FIFO or LIFO). Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Prepaid Expenses Payment of cash, that is recorded as an asset because service or benefit will be received in the future. Cash Payment Expense Recorded BEFORE Prepayments often occur in regard to: insurance supplies advertising rent maintenance on equipment Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Long-Term Investments Generally consists of four types: Securities Fixed assets Special funds Nonconsolidated subsidiaries or affiliated companies. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Long-Term Investments Securities bonds, stock, and long-term notes For marketable securities, management’s intent determines current or noncurrent classification. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Long-Term Investments Fixed Assets Land held for speculation Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Long-Term Investments Special Funds Sinking fund Pensions fund Cash surrender value of life insurance Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Long-Term Investments Nonconsolidated Subsidiaries or Affiliated Companies Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Property, Plant, and Equipment Assets of a durable nature used in the regular operations of the business. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Intangibles Lack physical substance and are not financial instruments. Limited life intangibles amortized. Indefinite-life intangibles tested for impairment. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Other Assets This section should include only unusual items sufficiently different from assets in the other categories. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Balance Sheet Current Liabilities
“Obligations that a company reasonably expects to liquidate either through the use of current assets or the creation of other current liabilities.” Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Balance Sheet Long-Term Liabilities
“Obligations that a company does not reasonably expect to liquidate within the normal operating cycle.” All covenants and restrictions must be disclosed. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Balance Sheet Owners’ Equity
Companies usually divide equity into three parts, (1) Capital Stock, (2) Additional Paid-In Capital, and (3) Retained Earnings. Illustration 5-15 Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Balance Sheet Classification Exercise
Account Classification (a) Investment in preferred stock (a) Current asset/Investment (b) Treasury stock (b) Equity (c) Common stock (c) Equity (d) Cash dividends payable (d) Current liability (e) Accumulated depreciation (e) Contra-asset (f) Interest payable (f) Current liability (g) Deficit (g) Equity (h) Trading securities (h) Current asset (i) Unearned revenue (i) Current liability Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Balance Sheet - Format Account form Report form
Classified Balance Sheet Account form Report form Accounting Trends and Techniques—2004 (New York: AICPA) indicates that all of the 600 companies surveyed use either the “report form” (506) or the “account form” (94), sometimes collectively referred to as the “customary form.” Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Additional Information Reported
There are normally four types of information that are supplemental to account titles and amounts presented in the balance sheet: Contingencies Accounting Policies Contractual Situations Fair Values Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Techniques of Disclosure
Parenthetical Explanations Notes Cross-Reference and Contra Items Supporting Schedules Terminology Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Laporan Arus Kas Kegunaan:
memberikan informasi yang memungkinkan para pengguna untuk mengevaluasi perubahan dalam aset bersih entitas, struktur keuangan (likuiditas dan solvabilitas) dan kemampuan mempengaruhi jumlah serta waktu arus kas dalam rangka penyesuaian terhadap keadaan dan peluang yang berubah. menilai kemampuan entitas dalam menghasilkan kas dan setara kas dan memungkinkan para pengguna mengembangkan model untuk menilai dan membandingkan nilai sekarang dari arus kas masa depan (future cash flows) dari berbagai entitas. meningkatkan daya banding pelaporan kinerja operasi berbagai entitas PSAK 1

Laporan Arus Kas Bunga Dividen
Beban bunga dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau pendanaan Pendapatan bunga dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau investasi Dividen Dividen yang dibayarkan dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau pendanaan Pendapatan dividen dapat disajikan sebagai arus kas operasi atau investasi PSAK 1

Untuk penyajian metode tidak langsung :
Laporan Arus Kas Untuk penyajian metode tidak langsung : Pembayaran bunga disajikan dengan metode langsung Pajak panghasilan disajikan dengan metode langsung PSAK 1

Laporan Arus Kas - ED A r u s k a s yang berasal dari beberapa transaksi serta keuntungan atau kerugian dari transaksi tersebut. Dihapuskan Penyesuaian atas laba atau rugi termasuk berasal dari hak minoritas dalam laba/rugi konsolidasi. (metode tidak langsung) Arus kas dari pos luar biasa. PSAK 1

Laporan Arus Kas - ED Arus kas dari pelepasan kepemilikan pada entitas anak yang tidak mengakibatkan hilangnya pengendalian. Arus kas dari transaksi tersebut diakui sebagai arus kas pendanaan.

The Statement of Cash Flows
One of the three basic objectives of financial reporting is “assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows.” Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Purpose of the Statement To provide relevant information about the cash receipts and cash payments of an enterprise during a period. The statement provides answers to the following questions: Where did the cash come from? What was the cash used for? What was the change in the cash balance? Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Content and Format Three different activities: Operating, Investing, Financing Illustration 5-24 Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Content and Format Operating Investing Financing Cash inflows and outflows from operations. Cash inflows and outflows from non-current assets. Cash inflows and outflows from non-current liabilities and equity. The statement’s value is that it helps users evaluate liquidity, solvency, and financial flexibility. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Preparation Information obtained from several sources: (1) comparative balance sheets, (2) the current income statement, and (3) selected transaction data. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Preparation Noncash credit to revenues. Noncash charge to expenses. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Additional Information Reported
Significant financing and investing activities that do not affect cash are reported in either a separate schedule at the bottom of the statement of cash flows or in the notes. Examples include: Issuance of common stock to purchase assets. Conversion of bonds into common stock. Issuance of debt to purchase assets. Exchanges on long-lived assets. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows
Without cash, a company will not survive. Cash flow from Operations: High amount - company able to generate sufficient cash to pay its bills. Low amount - company may have to borrow or issue equity securities to pay bills. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Financial Liquidity Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities Current Cash Debt Coverage Ratio = Average Current Liabilities Ratio indicates whether the company can pay off its current liabilities from its operations. A ratio near 1:1 is good. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Financial Flexibility Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities Cash Debt Coverage Ratio = Average Total Liabilities This ratio indicates a company’s ability to repay its liabilities from net cash provided by operating activities, without having to liquidate the assets employed in its operations. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Free Cash Flow Illustration 5-34 The amount of discretionary cash flow a company has for purchasing additional investments, retiring its debt, purchasing treasury stock, or simply adding to its liquidity. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

Aset held for sale

Aset held for sale Ref : PSAK 58 Jumadi

Main References Intermediate Accounting
Kieso, Weygandt, Walfield, 13th edition, John Wiley Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Dewan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan, IAI, Penerbit Salemba 4 International Financial Reporting Standards – Certificate Learning Material The Institute of Chartered Accountants, England and Wales

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