7/1/2014 1 Information Technology: Hardware Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc. by Kudang B. Seminar, PhD.

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1 7/1/2014 1 Information Technology: Hardware Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc. by Kudang B. Seminar, PhD

2 Abacus •An abacus is a calculator used first by the Chinese since about 500 BC, for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as fractions and square root. •The inventor is unknown. However, the abacus as we know it today did not appear in China until about 1200 A.D. •Contests have been held between users of the Japanese abacus and an electric calculator.For addition and subtraction the abacus user was much faster than the calculator user, but for multiplication and division the advantage of the abacus was less decisively demonstrated.

3 ABC (Atanasoff & Berry Computer) 1939, Iowa Univ. Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes

4 •Vacuum Tubes •Berfungsi sebagai penguat, pengubah, dan pencipta sinyal elektrik •Banyak dipakai di peralatan komunikasi seperti radio, televisi, radar, komputer, telephon network.

5 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) 1946, Pennsylvania Univ. Consisting of 17,468 vacuum tubes

6 EDSAC (Elecronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator/Computer) 1949, Cambridge University Uses: Vacuum Tubes

7 MARK I Computer 1949 – Consisting of 1300 Vacuum Tubes I/O Devices: Saklar, pita dan pencetak •Manchester Mark I•Havard Mark I

8 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 1951 – Consisting of 5200 Vacuum Tubes

9 IAS Computer Developed By John Von Newmann at Princeton Univ. 1952 •1 st General Purpose Computer •Consists of 23,000 vacuum tubes •Used for solving complex applications: metereology, astonomy, hydrodynamic s, atomic weapons •Consist of 3 sub-systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices

10 IBM 701 developed at 1952 by IBM President: Thomas J. Watson, Jr. •Known as the Defense Calculator while in development •Publically announced in 1953. •Known as IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines •Consist of 3 sub- systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices •Key to IBM's transition from punched-card machines to electronic computers. •The first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series computers, including the 702, 704, 705 and 709. •Uses 72 Williams Tubes

11 Generasi Komputer Dengan Rangkaian Terpadu (Integrated Circuit/IC) •Jack Kilby adalah penemu sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) yang sekarang digunakan untuk pembuatan mikroprosesor komputer, ketika Kilby bekerja di Texas Instruments pada tahun 1958. •Pada tahun 2000, Kilby mendapatkan penghargaan Nobel dalam bidang Fisika berkat penemuan sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) tersebut. •Rangkaian terpadu yang terdiri dari ratusan/ribuan/jutaan komponen elektronik semi konduktor (transistor) yang dikemas dalam bentuk yang kompak dan ringan dalam bentuk chip, disebut juga micro-circuit, microprocessor, atau slicon-chip. •Melahirkan penemuan Mikroprosesor 4004 di tahun 1971.

12 IBM’s 7000 Series – Generation of Transitorized or Chip-Based Computers •IBM 7010 - high end version of IBM 1410 - introduced in 1962IBM 14101962 •IBM 7030 - Stretch supercomputer - introduced in 1961IBM 70301961 •IBM 7040 - scientific - introduced in 1963IBM 70401963 •IBM 7044 - scientific - introduced in 1963IBM 70441963 •IBM 7070 - decimal - introduced in 1960IBM 70701960 •IBM 7072 - decimal - introduced in 1962IBM 70721962 •IBM 7074 - decimal - introduced in 1961; used by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service in 1962 [1]IBM 70741961Internal Revenue Service [1] •IBM 7080 - commercial - introduced in 1961IBM 70801961 •IBM 7090 - scientific - introduced in 1959IBM 70901959 •IBM 7094 - scientific - introduced in 1962IBM 70941962 •IBM 7094 II - scientific - introduced in 1964IBM 7094 II1964 •IBM 7090's at NASA's Project Mercury, 1962. •An IBM 7040 in operation from 1964 to 1974 at the German university Technische Hochschule Darmstadt with IBM 1401 on the right.Technische Hochschule DarmstadtIBM 1401

13 PDP (Programmed data Processor)-1 Computer •Designed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) •Built using chip technology. •The entire computer occupies only 17 square feet of floor space.

14 MITS Altair 8800 Computer •It was a microcomputer designed in 1975. •Produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) •based on the Intel 8080 CPU •It is considered as 1 st PC (Personal Computer) generation.

15 Jenis Komputer •Mainframes (Super Computers) •Minicomputers •Microcomputers

16 Mainframes (Super Computer) •Large in Physical Size •Fast Computing Speed •Large Memory Capacity •Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs) •Provides many connections to I/O devices •Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server •First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, IBM 360 •Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390, •IBM 360•Cray-2 •The Columbia Supercomputer at NASA's Advanced Supercomputing Facility at Ames Research Center.

17 Minicomputers •Mini physical size •Fairly fast computing speed •Fairly large memory capacity •May consists of multiple CPU/processors •Used for Library Otomation in since 1970 •First Generation: PDP-1, IBM AS/400 •Used as Computer Servers •Current Generation: midrange systems (IBM parlance), workstations (Sun Microsystems and general UNIX/Linux parlance), HoneyWell 316, GEC 4000 Series, PDP-11midrange systemsIBMworkstationsSun MicrosystemsUNIXLinux

18 Microcomputers •Micro physical size •Slower computing speed •Smaller memory capacity •Mostly consists of single or can be 2 CPU/processors •Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi front- end: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan Pengguna •First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti XT, AT (286,386,486) •Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop, PDA (personal Digital Assistant) •Used as Client Computers

19 Sistem Komputer •Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti keras (hardware), piranti lunak (software), piranti data (dataware) dan aturan/standar (ruleware) untuk melaksanakan program/komputasi berbasis komputer. •Notes: tidak termasuk manusia (brainware) -> Berbeda dengan definisi Pusnas.

20 Komponen Sistem Komputer •Hardware: Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O). •Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi, Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi (Application Sofware). •Sofware mengendalikan mekanisme kerja operasional hardware.

21 7/1/2014 21 Hardware Resources •I/O (Input/Output) devices •Processor •Memory

22 7/1/2014 22 I/O Devices •I/O Devices: to exchange data between computer systems and external sources •Input Devices: to enter data into a computer system •Output Devices: to send data out of a computer system

23 7/1/2014 23 Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital

24 7/1/2014 24 Pengolahan Citra & Digitisasi Peta

25 7/1/2014 25 Output Devices Pada Pusat Informasi Geografis

26 7/1/2014 26 Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices •Kecepatan (Speed) •Kemudahan (Ease of Use) •Keandalan (Reliability) •Obyektivitas & Akurasi •Kesesuaian dengan jenis data •Durasi (endurance) •Kompatibilitas

27 7/1/2014 27 Identification of Crop Canopy Area Using Camera

28 01/07/2014 Dies Natalis IPB 2001 28 GREENHOUSE PROTOTYPE

29 01/07/2014 Dies Natalis IPB 2001 29 SENSORS WITH IN GREENHOUSE

30 01/07/2014 Dies Natalis IPB 2001 30 Temperature & Humidity Control

31 01/07/2014 Dies Natalis IPB 2001 31 Light Intensity Control

32 01/07/2014 Dies Natalis IPB 2001 32 •Yield Monitoring Using Satellite

33 01/07/2014 Dies Natalis IPB 2001 33 Weed detection for site-specific weed management

34 01/07/2014 Dies Natalis IPB 2001 34 •HALOGEN •LAMP •CHOPPER •MONOCHROMATOR •INTEGRATING •SPHERE •MOTOR •AMP. •A/D•COMPUTER •DO •CONT. •NIR APPARATUS SYSTEM FOR THE EXPERIMENT untuk DETEKSI KEMATANGAN MANGGA

35 01/07/2014 Dies Natalis IPB 2001 35 BioControl Systems (BCS) •BCS development efforts utilize five different types of bioelectric signals: Electrooculogram (EOG), Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiogram (EKG), and Galvanic skin response (GSR) •The essence of the biocontroller interface involves three processes: (1) bioelectric signal acquisition, (2) signal processing for pattern recognition or extraction of desired elements of the biosignal, and (3) mapping the results of the signal processing algorithm to some desired output code - which controls external electronic devices.

36 7/1/2014 36 BioSensors

37 7/1/2014 37 •Sortasi dengan mesin skala besar •Teknologi •Sortasi •Digunakan pada industri besar •Komputerisasi, mata elektronik untuk mengimbangi jumlah objek yang sangat besar

38 7/1/2014 38 Processors the device unit that performs data processing •High speed: micro, mini, super computer •Multiprocessors: support processor, coupled processor, parallel processor •Execution time: microsecond, nanosecond, picosecond •Speed measures: clock speed (Hz), MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second), FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per Second) Features:

39 7/1/2014 39 19711976 Perkembangan awal Prosesor Intel

40 7/1/2014 40 Data acquisition & processing

41 7/1/2014 41

42 7/1/2014 42 Produksi Peta dengan Teknologi SIG

43 7/1/2014 43 Profil kota Profil sumber air Profil suhu permukaan bumi Profil mineral bumi

44 7/1/2014 44 Memory •Memory Internal (primary storage): Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM •Memory External (secondary storage): Hardisk, Floppy Disk, Diskettes, Drum DIsk, CD-ROM, Laser Disk, Optical Disk, Tape, MO disk, ZIP disk, USB

45 7/1/2014 45 Memory Features •Internal: higher speed, lower storage capacity, volatile, expensive, required for program execution, fully electronic •External: lower speed, higher storage capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term storage, mechatronic •Measures: access speed & storage capacity (MByte, GByte, TByte)

46 7/1/2014 46 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 MBytes 808488929600 1.8” 2.5” 3.5” 5.25” 8-14” 80%/year Magnetic Disk Capacity

47 7/1/2014 47 Form factor:.5-1”  4”  5.7” Storage: 18-73GB Form factor:.4-.7”  2.7”  3.9” Storage: 4-27GB Form factor:.2-.4”  2.1”  3.4” Storage: 170MB-1GB Storage Devices

48 7/1/2014 48 Storage Hierarchy Cost $600 a chip $10 -2 per byte $10 -4 per byte $10 -8 per byte Size 2 13 bytes 2 27 bytes 2 30 bytes 2 40 bytes CPU, Reg Cache Memory Secondary Storage 32-64 bits 4-128 words 512-16k words