Flexible Budgets and Overhead Analysis

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1 Flexible Budgets and Overhead Analysis
Pertemuan 5 Flexible Budgets and Overhead Analysis

2 Pengertian Flexible Budget atau Anggaran Variabel
Adalah anggaran yang di desain untuk mencakup jangkauan aktivitas yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan biaya yang dianggarkan pada titik manapun dalam rentang aktivitas tersebut untuk dibandingkan dengan biaya sesungguhnya pada suatu perusahaan.

3 Definisi lain menyatakan :
Flexible budget adalah anggaran yg dapat disesuaikan dengan berbagai tingkat aktivitas guna mncerminkan bagaimana biaya-biaya berubah seiring dengan perubahan volume produksi.

4 Flexible budget berbeda denga anggaran
Statis. Anggaran statis adalah anggaran yang dibuat untuk satu tingkat kegiatan (one level of activity) selama jangka waktu tertentu. Contohnya persentase dari kapasitas, jumlah produk yang dihasilkan selama jangka waktu tertentu, jumlah jam yang dikerjakan dan lainnya.

5 Perbedaan Anggaran Statis dengan Anggaran Fleksibel
Flexible Budget tidak membatasi diri hanya pada satu tingkat aktivitas, tetapi pada beberapa tingkat kisaran aktivitas (range activity atau relevant activity). Static Budget diarahkan pada satu tingkat saja.

6 b. Dalam pendekatan Flexible Budget hasil dari actual tidak harus dibandingkan biaya yang dibudgetkan pada tingkat budget aktivitas semula, pada static budget harus dibandingkan

7 c. Flexible Budget bersifat dinamik ,. Static budget bersifat statis.
d. Pada Flexible Budget terdapat under or over applied, dan static budget istilah ini tidak ada.

8 2. Karaktetristik Flexible Budget
1) . Ditujukan ke arah tingkat kapasitas keseluruhan yang berada dalam “range relevan atau relevant range” dari pada tingkat aktivitas tertentu dan hanya ditujukan kearah satu tingkat aktivitas (Denomonitory Activity). Denominator Activitry adalah angka yang ditentukan dalam flexible budget yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah total biaya overhead pabrik pada tingkat aktivitas tertentu dari relevant range. Tarif biaya overhead overhead pabrik ditentukan dimuka = BIaya FOH Flexible budget/Denominator activity.

9 2).Bersifat dinamis dari anggaran
statis, karena flexible budget dapat disesuaikan dengan tingkat aktivitas apa pun yang berada dalam relevant range/activity, sekalipun periode sudah berlalu.

10 3). Dalam masalah perhitungan
Overhead (non manufaktur) dan Factory Overhead (Manufaktur) terdapat 4 faktor yang dapat di analisis dalam flexible budget yaitu :

11 (1) FOH ( Pabrik dan Non pabrik ) umumnya
terdiri dari atas biaya yang banyak terpisah satu sama lainnya (2) Biaya yang terpisah ini kerap sangat kecil nilai $/rupiahnya sehingga menyulitkan untuk mengendalikannya dengan cara yang sama dengan pengendalian Direct Material Cost dan Direct Labor Cost.

12 (3). Biaya yg terpisah lainnya kecil ini sering
kali merupakan tanggung jawab atau pusat pertanggung jawaban dari manajer yang saling berbeda pada segemen yang berbeda pula . (4). Biaya FOH ( khusus pabrik) berbeda perilaku biayanya , variabel, tetap dan semi variabel.

13 Tahap-tahap Penyusunan Flexible budget
. 1. Menentukan kisaran relevan atas aktivitas yg diharapkan berfluktuasi masa periode yang akan datang. 2. Menganalisis biaya pada relevant range dalam elemen variabel,tetap dan semi variabel.. 3. Memisahkan biaya berdasarkan perilakunya dan menetupan tarif untuk biaya, tetap , variabel dan semi variabel

14 4. Menggunakan tarif untuk bagian variabel dari biaya, menyusun sebagai budget yg memperlihatkan biaya-biaya apa yg akan dikeluarkan pada berbagai titik operasi pada semua relevant range. 5.Melakukan analisis Varians khusus Overhead dan Factory Overhead atas Biaya Variabel dan Biaya Variabel untuk mengukur kinerja perusahaan .

15 Ada 4 varians dalam Flexible Budget yaitu:
1 Varians variabel (Variable Manufacturing Overhaed Variance ). VMOV 1).Spending V = Variable manufacturing Overhead Spending variance) VMOSV = AH(AR-SR)= (AOVR X AH)- (SOVRXAH) = (AOVR-SOVR) AH. 2). Variable Manufacturing Overhead Efficiency Variancer (VMOEV) = SR(AH-SH) (SOVR xAH) –(SVORxSH) = (SH-AH)SVOR

16 2. Fixed Manufacturing Ovrhead Variance (FMOV)
Dicari dulu POR = Taksiran Jumlah FOH per periode/ Taksiran Machie hours(MH) atau unit yg diproduksi per periode. Contoh : Untuk bulan Oktober Biaya FOH tetap ditaksir $ , jumlah unit diprodusi maka biaya per unit (POR) = $ /1.000 = $ 381/unit. Dalam perhitungan Flexible Budget harus dapat ditntukan taksiran Demoninatory Actvity yaitu tingkat ketigatan aktivitas pada jumlah jam mesin/JTKL tertentu diatnara relevan range untuk periode masa depan yang ditetapkan pada awal tahun anggaran.Varians pada FOH teap, ada dua varians.

17 DM=Denomitory activity. Penggunaan Denomitory aktivity
3). Fixed Manufacturuing overhead Volume Variance (FMOVV) : Volume Variance= POR x ( DMH - SMH) atau Fixed portion of the POR x( DM –SH allowed). DM=Denomitory activity. Penggunaan Denomitory aktivity ada 3 hal diperhatikan : a. Jika Denominator activity sama dengan jam standar allowed pada priode ini maka Volume Varians nihil. b. JIka denominator activity lebih besar dari jam standard allowed dalam priode ini kemudian timbul varians volume UF, berarti penggunaan di bawah fasilitas yang tersedia. c. Jika denominator activity lebih kecil dari jam standar allowed dalam priode ini, kemudian timbul varians volume UF, berarti penggunaan yang tinggi terhadap fasilitas yang tersedia dibandingkan yang yang telah direncanakan. 4).Fixed Manufactruing Overhead Budget variance atau Budget Variance= Actual Fixed FOH cost- Budgeted Fixed FOH Cost.

18 1.Contoh . Kohn Mountain menggunakan Flexible Budget untuk operasi perusahaannya dan mempunyai data sebagian dari relevant range unit – unit. Biaya unit unit. Depresiasi $ $ Power Bahan tak langsung Pemeliharaan Biaya lainnya Jumlah $ $

19 Diminta : a. Susunlah Flexible Budget dalam kompenen biaya . b. Buatlah Flexible budget dengan kenaikan unit. c. Grafik Flexible budget. d. Hitunglah “semi variabel cost “ pada tingkat aktivitas unit.

20 Jawab : 1. Flexible budget dengan analisis kompenen. Biaya tetap adalah depresiasi = $ 2 -Power : maksimum = $ = unit minimum = $ = unit High and low $ = unit Elemen variabel $ /5.000 = $ 2. Elemen tetap :maksimum =10.000x$2 = $ , sama dengan biayanya $20.000,Elemen tetap= 0

21 3. Bahan tidak langsung dengan hal yang sama:
Elemen variabel = Mak unit = $ Min unit = 5.000 unit = $ 1.000 Elemen variabel= $ 1.000/5000 = $ 0,20 unit Elemen tetap = Mak: = $ 10.000x0,20 = Elemen tetap $

22 4. Pemeliharaan : Mak:10.000 unit = $ 10.000
Elemen variabel = $1.500/5000 = $0,30.unit Elemen tetap Mak = = $ 10.000x 0,30= Elemen tetap $

23 Elemen tetap = $ 7.000 – ( $0,40 x 10.000) = $ 3.000
5. Biaya lainnya: Mak : =$ Min = = $ 2.000 Element variabel = $ 2.000/5.000 = $ 0,40 unit Elemen tetap = $ – ( $0,40 x ) = $ 3.000

24 Budget Flexible dengan kompenen (bentuk High and low) adalah berikut ini :
Relevan Range – unit Biaya Tetap Biaya Variabel Depresiasi Power $ 2 /unit Bahan tak langsung ,20 /unit Pemeliharaan ,30 /unit Biaya lainnya ,40 /unit Jumlah $ $2.90 /unit

25 Dari hasil diatas dapat dihitung pada tingkat relevant range
tertentu dengan rumus Y = a + bx atau $ ,90X Relevant range ( unit) Biaya Depresiasi Power Bahan tak langs Pemeliharaan Biaya lainnya Jumlah

26 d. Menghitung Biaya Semi Variabel pada tingkat 7.500 unit
c. Grafik Flexible Budget, hampir sama dengan grafik Fixed Cost dan Variabel cost. d. Menghitung Biaya Semi Variabel pada tingkat unit Perguanakan Formula Y = a + bX Bahan tak langsung = $ $0,20 X Pemeliharaan = $0,30 X Biaya lainnya = $0,40X Jumlah Y = $ $0,90X Tingat relevant range 7.500, maka biaya semi variabelnya adalah $ ( $0,90 x 7.500) = $ Depresiasi dan Power tidak dihitung karena kedua bersifat tetap dan variabel secara total. Bahan lainnya dapat dilihat dari Power Point berikut ini.

27 Static Budgets and Performance Reports
Hmm! Comparing static budgets with actual costs is like comparing apples and oranges. Static budgets are prepared for a single, planned level of activity. Performance evaluation is difficult when actual activity differs from the planned level of activity. Let’s look at CheeseCo.

28 Static Budgets and Performance Reports
CheeseCo

29 Static Budgets and Performance Reports
CheeseCo

30 Static Budgets and Performance Reports
CheeseCo U = Unfavorable variance CheeseCo was unable to achieve the budgeted level of activity.

31 Static Budgets and Performance Reports
CheeseCo F = Favorable variance that occurs when actual costs are less than budgeted costs.

32 Static Budgets and Performance Reports
CheeseCo Since cost variances are favorable, have we done a good job controlling costs?

33 Flexible Budgets Show revenues and expenses that should have occurred at the actual level of activity. May be prepared for any activity level in the relevant range. Reveal variances due to good cost control or lack of cost control. Improve performance evaluation.

34 Preparing a Flexible Budget
To a budget we need to know that: Total variable costs change in direct proportion to changes in activity. Total fixed costs remain unchanged within the relevant range. Variable Fixed

35 Preparing a Flexible Budget
CheeseCo Cost Total Flexible Budgets Formula Fixed 8,000 10,000 12,000 Per Hour Hours Machine hours Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 32,000 $ Indirect material 3.00 24,000 Power 0.50 4,000 Total variable cost 7.50 60,000 Fixed costs Depreciation Insurance 2,000 Total fixed cost Total overhead costs Variable costs are expressed as a constant amount per hour. $40,000 ÷ 10,000 hours is $4.00 per hour. Fixed costs are expressed as a total amount.

36 Preparing a Flexible Budget
CheeseCo Cost Total Flexible Budgets Formula Fixed 8,000 10,000 12,000 Per Hour Hours Machine hours Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 32,000 $ Indirect material 3.00 24,000 Power 0.50 4,000 Total variable cost 7.50 60,000 Fixed costs Depreciation Insurance 2,000 Total fixed cost Total overhead costs $4.00 per hour × 8,000 hours = $32,000

37 Preparing a Flexible Budget
CheeseCo Cost Total Flexible Budgets Formula Fixed 8,000 10,000 12,000 Per Hour Cost Hours Hours Hours Machine hours 8,000 10,000 12,000 Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 $ 32,000 Indirect material 3.00 24,000 Power 0.50 4,000 Total variable cost $ 7.50 $ 60,000 Fixed costs Depreciation $ 12,000 $ 12,000 Insurance 2,000 2,000 Total fixed cost $ 14,000 Total overhead costs $ 74,000 ?

38 Preparing a Flexible Budget
CheeseCo Cost Total Flexible Budgets Formula Fixed 8,000 10,000 12,000 Per Hour Hours Machine hours Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 32,000 $ 40,000 Indirect material 3.00 24,000 30,000 Power 0.50 4,000 5,000 Total variable cost 7.50 60,000 75,000 Fixed costs Depreciation Insurance 2,000 Total fixed cost 14,000 Total overhead costs 74,000 89,000 Total fixed costs do not change in the relevant range.

39 Preparing a Flexible Budget
CheeseCo Cost Total Flexible Budgets Formula Fixed 8,000 10,000 12,000 Per Hour Hours Machine hours Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 32,000 $ 40,000 48,000 Indirect material 3.00 24,000 30,000 36,000 Power 0.50 4,000 5,000 6,000 Total variable cost 7.50 60,000 75,000 90,000 Fixed costs Depreciation Insurance 2,000 Total fixed cost 14,000 Total overhead costs 74,000 89,000 104,000

40 Flexible Budget Performance Report
Cost Total Formula Fixed Flexible Actual Per Hour Costs Budget Results Variances Machine hours 8,000 Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 $ 34,000 Indirect material 3.00 25,500 Power 0.50 3,800 Total variable costs 7.50 63,300 Fixed Expenses Depreciation 12,000 Insurance 2,000 2,050 Total fixed costs 14,050 Total overhead costs 77,350 Flexible budget is prepared for the same activity level (8,000 hours) as actually achieved. CheeseCo

41 Flexible Budget Performance Report
CheeseCo Cost Total Formula Fixed Flexible Actual Per Hour Costs Budget Results Variances Machine hours 8,000 Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 $ 32,000 34,000 $ 2,000 U Indirect material 3.00 24,000 Power 0.50 4,000 Total variable costs 7.50 60,000 Fixed Expenses Depreciation 12,000 Insurance 2,000 Total fixed costs 14,000 Total overhead costs 74,000

42 Flexible Budget Performance Report
Cost Total Formula Fixed Flexible Actual Per Hour Costs Budget Results Variances Machine hours 8,000 Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 $ 32,000 34,000 $ 2,000 U Indirect material 3.00 24,000 25,500 1,500 U Power 0.50 4,000 Total variable costs 7.50 60,000 Fixed Expenses Depreciation 12,000 Insurance 2,000 Total fixed costs 14,000 Total overhead costs 74,000 CheeseCo

43 Flexible Budget Performance Report
CheeseCo Cost Total Formula Fixed Flexible Actual Per Hour Costs Budget Results Variances Machine hours 8,000 Variable costs Indirect labor 4.00 $ 32,000 34,000 $ 2,000 U Indirect material 3.00 24,000 25,500 1,500 U Power 0.50 4,000 3,800 200 F Total variable costs 7.50 60,000 63,300 $ 3,300 U Fixed Expenses Depreciation 12,000 Insurance 2,000 2,050 50 U Total fixed costs 14,000 14,050 Total overhead costs 74,000 77,350 $ 3,350 U

44 Static Budgets and Performance
How much of the $11,650 is due to activity and how much is due to cost control? Static Actual Budget Results Variances Machine hours 10,000 8,000 2,000 U Variable costs Ind irect labor 40,000 $ 34,000 $6,000 F Indirect materials 30,000 25,500 4,500 Power 5,000 3,800 1,200 Fixed costs Depreciation 12,000 Insurance 2,050 50 Total overhead costs 89,000 77,350 $11,650

45 Flexible Budget Performance Report
Overhead Variance Analysis Let’s place the flexible budget for 8,000 hours here. Difference between original static budget and actual overhead = $11,650 F.

46 Flexible Budget Performance Report
Overhead Variance Analysis This $15,000F variance is due to lower activity. Activity This $3,350U flexible budget variance is due to poor cost control. Cost control

47 Flexible Budget Performance Report
There are two primary reasons for unfavorable variable overhead variances: 1. Spending too much for resources. 2. Using the resources inefficiently. What causes the cost control variance?

48 Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis
Recall that overhead costs are assigned to products and services using a predetermined overhead rate (POHR): Assigned Overhead = POHR × Standard Activity Overhead from the flexible budget for the denominator level of activity POHR = Denominator level of activity

49 Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis – Example
ColaCo prepared this budget for overhead: Total Variable Total Fixed Machine Variable Overhead Fixed Overhead Hours Overhead Rate Overhead Rate 2,000 $ 4,000 ? $ 9,000 ? 4,000 8,000 ? 9,000 ? Let’s calculate overhead rates. ColaCo applies overhead based on machine hour activity.

50 Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis – Example
ColaCo prepared this budget for overhead: Total Variable Fixed Machine Overhead Hours Rate 2,000 4,000 $ 2.00 9,000 ? 8,000 Rate = Total Variable Overhead ÷ Machine Hours This rate is constant at all levels of activity.

51 Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis – Example
ColaCo prepared this budget for overhead: Total Variable Fixed Machine Overhead Hours Rate 2,000 4,000 $ 2.00 9,000 4.50 8,000 2.25 Rate = Total Fixed Overhead ÷ Machine Hours This rate decreases when activity increases.

52 Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis – Example
ColaCo prepared this budget for overhead: Total Variable Fixed Machine Overhead Hours Rate 2,000 4,000 $ 2.00 9,000 4.50 8,000 2.25 The total POHR is the sum of the fixed and variable rates for a given activity level.

53 Variable Overhead Variances – Example
ColaCo’s actual production for the period required 3,200 standard machine hours. Actual variable overhead incurred for the period was $6,740. Actual machine hours worked were 3,300. Compute the variable overhead spending and efficiency variances.

54 Variable Overhead Variances
Actual Flexible Budget Flexible Budget Variable for Variable for Variable Overhead Overhead at Overhead at Incurred Actual Hours Standard Hours AH × AR AH × SR SH × SR Spending Variance Efficiency Variance Spending variance = AH(AR - SR) Efficiency variance = SR(AH - SH)

55 Variable Overhead Variances – Example
Actual Flexible Budget Flexible Budget Variable for Variable for Variable Overhead Overhead at Overhead at Incurred Actual Hours Standard Hours 3,300 hours ,200 hours × × $2.00 per hour $2.00 per hour $6,740 $6,600 $6,400 Spending variance $140 unfavorable Efficiency variance $200 unfavorable $340 unfavorable flexible budget total variance

56 Variable Overhead Variances – Example
Actual Flexible Budget Flexible Budget Variable for Variable for Variable Overhead Overhead at Overhead at Incurred Actual Hours Standard Hours 2,050 hours ,100 hours × × $5 per hour $5 per hour $10,950 $10,250 $10,500 Spending variance $700 unfavorable Efficiency variance $250 favorable $450 unfavorable flexible budget total variance

57 Variable Overhead Variances – A Closer Look
Spending Variance Efficiency Variance Results from paying more or less than expected for overhead items and from excessive usage of overhead items. Controlled by managing the overhead cost driver.

58 Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis – Example
ColaCo prepared this budget for overhead: Total Variable Fixed Machine Overhead Hours Rate 2,000 4,000 $ 2.00 9,000 4.50 8,000 2.25 What is ColaCo’s fixed overhead rate for an estimated activity of 3,000 machine hours?

59 Overhead Rates and Overhead Analysis – Example
ColaCo prepared this budget for overhead: Total Variable Fixed Machine Overhead Hours Rate 2,000 4,000 $ 2.00 9,000 4.50 8,000 2.25 Fixed Overhead Rate FR = $9,000 ÷ 3,000 machine hours FR = $3.00 per machine hour

60 Fixed Overhead Variances – Example
ColaCo’s actual production required 3,200 standard machine hours. Actual fixed overhead was $8,450. Compute the fixed overhead budget and volume variances.

61 Fixed Overhead Variances
Actual Fixed Fixed Fixed Overhead Overhead Overhead Incurred Budget Applied SH × FR Budget Variance Volume Variance FR = Standard Fixed Overhead Rate SH = Standard Hours Allowed

62 Fixed Overhead Variances – Example
Actual Fixed Fixed Fixed Overhead Overhead Overhead Incurred Budget Applied SH × FR 3,200 hours × $3.00 per hour $8,450 $9,000 $9,600 Budget variance $550 favorable Volume variance $600 favorable

63 Quick Check  Actual Fixed Fixed Fixed Overhead Overhead Overhead Incurred Budget Applied SH × FR 2,100 hours × $7.00 per hour $14,800 $14,450 $14,700 Budget variance $350 unfavorable Volume variance $250 favorable

64 Fixed Overhead Variances – A Closer Look
Budget Variance Volume Variance Results from paying more or less than expected for overhead items. Results from operating at an activity level different from the denominator activity.

65 Fixed Overhead Variances
Volume Cost 3,000 Hours Expected Activity $9,000 budgeted fixed OH Fixed overhead applied to products

66 Fixed Overhead Variances
Volume Cost 3,000 Hours Expected Activity $9,000 budgeted fixed OH Fixed overhead applied to products { $8,450 actual fixed OH $8,450 actual fixed OH $550 Favorable Budget Variance

67 Fixed Overhead Variances
3,200 machine hours × $3.00 fixed overhead rate Volume Cost 3,000 Hours Expected Activity $9,000 budgeted fixed OH Fixed overhead applied to products $600 Favorable Volume Variance $9,600 applied fixed OH { { { $8,450 actual fixed OH $8,450 actual fixed OH $550 Favorable Budget Variance 3,200 Standard Hours

68 Volume Variance – A Closer Look
Results when standard hours allowed for actual output differs from the denominator activity. Unfavorable when standard hours < denominator hours Favorable when standard hours > denominator hours

69 Overhead Variances and Under- or Overapplied Overhead Cost
In a standard cost system: Unfavorable variances are equivalent to underapplied overhead. Favorable variances are equivalent to overapplied overhead. The sum of the overhead variances equals the under- or overapplied overhead cost for a period.

70 CONTOH LAINNYA DARI FLEXIBLE BUDHET
Data for manufacturing Overhead of Tiagaroda Company are given below. lexible Budget at various level of activity (hours) Cost Formula Direct Labor Activity ( Hours) Overhaed Cost Per direct labor hours Variable Overhead cost Utilitties $ 3, Indirect labor , Suplies , Total Variavel overhead cost $ 7, Fixed Overhead cost Depreciation Insurance Supervisor Total Fixed Overhead Cost Total Overhead Cost

71 Four hours of direct labor time are required per unit product
Four hours of direct labor time are required per unit product. The Tigaroda Coy has set demonitory activity for coming priod at direct labor (DLHs) or units. Assumse the following actual results for the priod. - Number of units produced units. - Standard direct labors (DLHs) allowed jam - Actual direct labor hours jam - Actual fixed overhead cost $ - Actual variable overhead cost $ Required: a. Compute predetermined over rate (POR) an break it down into “ variable and fixed cost elements” b. Analyze the $ ? Under or over applied Overhead. c. Compute the four variance of Overhead. JAWAB:

72 POR tingkat denomitory activity 14. 000 DLH. POR dalam DLHs =$ 168
POR tingkat denomitory activity DLH . POR dalam DLHs =$ / = $ 12 DLHs Elemen variabel = / = $ 7 DLH, jadi elemen tetap $ $ 7 = $ 5 DLH B.Analisis under or over applied dari overhead. Total Overhead aktual = $ $ = $ Standard DLH x $12dlh = $ Overhead under applied $

73 Four FOH Variance. Overhead Fixed variance. 1.Budget variance= Actual fixed FOH Flexible budget $ –(Dominotory axtivity x elements fixed) = $ ($ x $5) = $ UF

74 2) Volume variance: = (Fixed portion of the PORx Donomintory activity)- Standard Hours.
FOH variable variance. 3). Spending variance = (AR –SR) AH = $ – ( x 7) = – = $ UF 4). Eficiency = SR(AH-SH) = $7 ( ) = $ UF

75 3. Rekapitulasi Varians:
Fixed FOH variance. - Budget variance $ UF - Volume variance F Variable FOH variance. - Spending variance UF - Efficeincy variance UF Total Variance $ UF

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