AKUNTANSI UNTUK PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR Previous chapters focused on the financial accounting system, whose main purpose is to prepare general-purpose financial statements. However, this information is incomplete for internal decision makers who manage organizations. This chapter discusses the purpose of managerial accounting, cost concepts, and reporting of manufacturing activities. We also look at how these concepts help managers gather, organize, and use this information.

Tujuan Pembelajaran Menjelaskan definisi akuntansi manajerial Menjelaskan perbedaan akuntansi keuangan dan akuntansi manajerial Menjelaskan konsep biaya (cost) Membuat laporan keuangan perusahaan manufaktur

Managerial dan Financial Accounting Managerial accounting menyediakan informasi financial dan non-financial bagi manajer dan pihak di dalam perusahaan untuk pengambilan keputusan Financial accounting menyediakan informasi financial yang bersifat umum untuk pihak di luar perusahaan. The purpose of both managerial and financial accounting is providing useful information to decision makers. Both areas of accounting report monetary information, although managerial accounting includes the practice of reporting non-monetary information. The focus of managerial and financial accounting are different, however.

Planning and Control Tujuan Managerial Accounting: menyediakan informasi terkait COST untuk Keperluan Planning dan Control Planning is the process of setting goals and making plans to achieve them. Strategic plans usually set a firm’s long-term direction by developing a road map based on opportunities such as new products, new markets, and capital investments. Medium- and short-term plans are more operational in nature. They translate the strategic plans into actions. A short-term plan often covers a one-year period that, then translated into monetary terms is knows as a budget. Control is the process of monitoring planning decisions and evaluating an organization’s activities and employees. It includes the measurement and evaluation of actions, processes, and outcomes. Feedback provided by the control system allows managers to revise their plans and take corrective actions to avoid undesirable outcomes.

Perbedaan Managerial Accounting dan Financial Accounting Exh. 18-2 Here we see a detailed comparison of financial accounting and managerial accounting. In addition to the focus on internal decisions, note particularly that managerial accounting information may follow a flexible format, involves frequent, timely reports, and may contain more estimates and projections than financial accounting.

Konsep Cost Accounting Behavior Traceability Controllability Relevance Function Managers often need different cost classifications for different decisions. We will discuss each of these types of cost classifications individually.

Pengelompokan berdasarkan Cost Behavior Cost behavior bagaimana cost akan bereaksi terhadap perubahan tingkat aktivitas bisnis. Fixed cost tidak berubah meskipun terjadi perubahan volume aktivitas Variable cost berubah secara proporsional mengikuti volume aktivitas Classification of costs by behavior is helpful in cost-volume-profit analyses and short-term decision making. These are discussed in future chapters. Mixed cost merupakan kombinasi fixed dan variable cost

Pengelompokkan berdasarkan Cost Traceability Direct costs Costs dapat ditelusur ke single cost object. Contoh: material dan labor cost untuk sebuah product. Indirect costs Costs tidak dapat ditelusur ke single cost object. contoh: maintenance cost yang dinikmati lebih dari dua department. Cost objects may be products, services, departments, or customers to which costs are assigned

Pengelompokkan berdasarkan Cost Controllability Cost dikelompokkan: Controllable dan Uncontrollable More Control Tingkat pengendalian suatu cost tergantung pada level of management. More Control Managers at higher levels in the organization have a greater degree of control over costs than do managers at lower levels in the organization. Classifying costs by controllability is an important part of assigning cost, responsibility, and evaluating a manager’s cost control performance. Very little control

Pengelompokkan berdasar Cost Relevance Cost dibedakan: SUNK COST, OUT-OF-POCKET COST dan OPORTUNITY COST SUNK COST : semua cost yang sudah terjadi dan tidak dapat dihindari. Sunk cost tidak dipertimbangkan dalam pengambilan keputusan OUT-OF-POCKET adalah cost yang mengharuskan pengeluaran kas di masa datang. Cost ini dipertimbangkan dalam pengambilan keputusan. Costs can be classified by relevance by identifying it as a sunk cost or an out-of-pocket cost OPPORTUNITY COST adalah potensi keuntungan yang hilang akibat memilih satu dari beberapa pilihan aktivitas

Pengelompokkan Berdasarkan Fungsi Dibedakan: Product Cost dan Period Cost Direct Material Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Product costs are incurred to manufacture a product. Product costs are not expensed as they are incurred. Instead, they are assigned to inventory and do not become expenses until the product is sold. Inventory is reported at cost as an asset on the balance sheet. The Product Product Cost: Cost terkait dengan pembuatan produk

Tidak terkait dengan pembuatan Period Costs Tidak terkait dengan pembuatan produk Administrative Costs Costs untuk fungsi administrasi di luar pabrik: accounting, data processing, personnel, research and development. Selling Costs Costs untuk mendapatkan order dari customer, pengiriman, iklan dll. Period costs are expensed in the period incurred. They are non-manufacturing costs usually grouped into two broad categories: selling and administrative.

Period dan Product Costs di Financial Statements Exh. 18-8 2008 Income Statement Period Costs (Expenses) Operating Expenses 2008 Costs Incurred Cost of Goods Sold Inventory Sold in 2008 Starting on the left side of this flow chart of costs, we see that costs incurred are categorized as either period costs or product costs. Period costs flow directly to the current year’s income statement as they are expensed in the period incurred. Product costs are first assigned to the inventory account. Later, when the inventory is sold, product costs flow from the inventory account to cost of goods sold on the income statement for the year in which the products are sold. Product Costs (Inventory) 2008 Balance Sheet Inventory 2009 Income Statement Raw Materials Goods in Process Finished Goods Inventory Not Sold in 2008 Cost of Goods Sold

Cost Concepts untuk Service Companies Cost concepts yang ada secara umum dapat diaplikasikan juga untuk perusahaan jasa While our primary focus has been on manufacturing companies, we should realize that the same cost concepts also apply to service companies such as airlines and hotels.

Aktivitas Perusahaan Dagang Manufaktur Membeli barang jadi. Menjual barang jadi. Manufaktur Membeli bahan baku. Memproduksi dan menjual barang jadi. Merchandisers buy goods that are already completed and make them available to customers. Manufacturers buy raw materials and convert the raw materials into completed goods for their customers. SaleMart

Neraca (Balance Sheet) Perusahaan Manufaktur Raw Materials Finished Goods Goods in Process Inventories Manufacturers have three major inventory categories: raw materials, goods in process, and finished goods.

Inventories Goods in Process Raw Materials Finished Goods Produk jadi Produk setengah jadi. Bahan baku yang telah ditambahkan sebagian tenaga kerja dan overhead Produk jadi dan siap dijual Bahan baku sebelum diproses. Dapat berupa direct atau indirect material. Raw materials can be direct or indirect. Direct materials are used directly in a product. Materials not clearly identified with a specific units or batches of product are indirect materials.

Hanya berbeda di “Inventory”. Balance Sheet MERCHANDISER Current Assets Cash Receivables Merchandise Inventory MANUFACTURER Current Assets Cash Receivables Inventories Raw Materials Goods in Process Finished Goods Inventory is a current asset on the balance sheet. Manufacturers have three major categories of inventory: raw materials, goods in process, and finished goods. Hanya berbeda di “Inventory”.

Income Statement _ _ + + = = Merchandiser Manufacturer Exh. 18-11 Merchandiser Manufacturer Beginning Merchandise Inventory Beginning Finished Goods Inventory + + Perbedaan Cost of Goods Purchased Cost of Goods Manufactured _ _ The finished goods inventory of a manufacturer is the equivalent of a merchandiser’s merchandise inventory account. Items in this inventory account are complete and awaiting sale. The major difference is that the manufacturer manufactures the items in the finished goods account, while the merchandiser buys the items in the merchandise inventory account. When items are sold from these inventory accounts, the cost of inventory, whether purchased or manufactured, becomes cost of goods sold on the income statement. Ending Merchandise Inventory Ending Finished Goods Inventory Cost of Goods Sold = =

Komponen Manufacturing Cost Direct Materials Bahan baku utama produk. Dapat ditelusur langsung ke produk Contoh: Baja di pabrik mobil. Direct materials can be separately and readily traced to the individual units of product being manufactured. Direct materials are sufficiently significant in amount to justify the separate tracing.

Income Statement of a Manufacturer Direct Labor Ongkos tenaga kerja yang membuat produk jadi. Direct labor is the effort of employees who actually convert materials into a finished product. Direct labor costs are the wages of direct labor employees. Direct labor costs can be separately and readily traced to the individual units of product being manufactured. Contoh: Gaji bagian assembling

Income Statement of a Manufacturer Factory Overhead Semua manufacturing costs kecuali direct material dan direct labor Factory costs yang tidak dapat secara langsung ditelusur ke produk. Factory overhead is all manufacturing costs other than direct material and direct labor. Factory overhead costs are indirect manufacturing costs that support the major manufacturing activities. As indirect costs, they cannot be separately and readily traced to the individual units of product. Contoh: Indirect labor – maintenance Indirect material – cleaning supplies Factory utility costs Supervisory costs

Kombinasi manufacturing cost: Manufacturing Overhead Direct Material Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Direct labor and direct material are called the prime costs of manufacturing. Direct labor and manufacturing overhead are called conversion costs. Prime Cost Conversion Cost

Cost Flow Production activity Sales activity Materials activity Exh. 18-15 Production activity Sales activity Materials activity Beginning Finished Goods Beginning Goods in Process Beginning Raw Materials Direct Labor Cost of Goods Manufactured Raw Materials Purchases Factory Overhead Ending Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Starting on the left side of this flow chart, we see that material purchases are combined with the materials beginning inventory. Materials are then either used or they remain in inventory. In the center portion of the flow chart, we see the materials being used are combined with labor, overhead, and the goods in process beginning balance. As goods are finished, they are transferred out of the goods in process inventory account into the finished goods inventory account. The cost of the goods finished in the period is called cost of goods manufactured. Finished goods are either sold, called cost of goods sold, or they remain in the finished goods inventory account. Raw Materials Used Ending Raw Materials Ending Goods in Process

Cost of Goods Manufactured Statement Direct Materials Used + Direct Labor + Factory Overhead = Total Manufacturing Costs + Beginning Work in Process – Ending Work in Process = Cost of Goods Manufactured The production activities in the center portion of the preceding flow chart can be summarized in a manufacturing statement. The three product costs are totaled and added to the beginning balance of the goods in process inventory account. Subtracting the ending balance of the goods in process account from this total results in the cost of goods manufactured for the period.

Manufacturing Statement Exh. 18-16 CONTOH Here you see the manufacturing statement for Rocky Mountain bikes in a highly summarized form. We will build each of the major parts of the statement starting with materials.

Exh. 18-16 Material purchases for the current year are added to the beginning balance of materials inventory. The beginning balance of materials inventory for the current year is the ending balance of materials inventory from last year. Materials are either used or they remain in inventory. Subtracting the amount of materials on hand in inventory at the end of the year results in the cost of materials used for the current year.

Semua direct labor costs yang terjadi pada periode berjalan. Exh. 18-16 Direct labor costs are the wages of direct labor employees who actually convert materials into a finished bike.

Manufacturing Statement Exh. 18-16 Factory overhead costs are indirect manufacturing costs that support the manufacturing activities. The eight factory overhead items in this example, totaling thirty thousand dollars, are commonly encountered in many manufacturing companies.

Beginning work in process diambil dari saldo akhir periode sebelumnya Exh. 18-16 Total manufacturing costs for the current period are added to the beginning balance of goods in process. The beginning balance of goods in process for the current year is the ending balance of goods in process from last year.

Ending work in process adalah cost of unfinished goods, dan disajikan sebagai current assets di balance sheet periode berjalan Exh. 18-16 Subtracting the ending balance of the goods in process account from the total cost of goods in process results in the cost of goods manufactured for the current year. Cost of goods manufactured is cost of goods completed and transferred to finished goods for the current year.

SOAL Data biaya pabrik sepatu “ Stone” untuk tahun 2007 adalah: direct material used $5.000, direct labor $7.000, total factory overhead $5.100, Beginning goods in process $3.000, Ending goods in process $4.000, Beginning finished goods $3.200, Ending finished goods $4.000 Hitung total biaya produksi (manufacturing costs) tahun 2007 Hitung Cost of goods manufactured tahun 2007. Hitung Cost of goods sold tahun 2007 Now that we have mastered some of the basic concepts and principles of managerial accounting, we are ready to put this knowledge to work. Naruto Corp. pada bulan Mei 2008 melaporkan Beginning raw material $57.000 dan Ending raw material $60.000. Bagian produksi melaporkan bahwa selama bulan Mei, penggunaan raw material (material used) adalah $118.000 Hitung besarnya pembelian (material purchased) selama bulan Mei 2008.