Diplomatic Law 101 Hukum Internasional 2016

Definition of Diplomatic Law Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) “ A regime that sets out the responsibilities of the host state relating to facilities, privileges, and immunities (Prerogatives) which are given to diplomatic missions; on the other hand, also concerns laws which regulate & restrict the misuse of the above privileges.

Who Are the international Representatives? Diplomatic Missions Consuls Ad Hoc Missions Representatives of International Organizations (a) Represents an international actor, (b) receives prerogatives from their status as representatives of international actors.

Consuls Diplomatic Missions Ad Hoc Missions Representatives of International Organizations Diplomatic representative of a certain country in another country. Given full powers of representation by the Head of State. Representative of a certain country in another country, in matters besides diplomacy. Usually represents states’ commercial interests. Temporary mission to a certain country with the objective of resolving specific negotiations/agendas. Representatives of international organizations. Permanent Temporary Depends 1/country. >1 /country, depending on commercial interests. >1 /country, depending on agendas. Vienna 1961 Vienna 1963 1969

Why do prerogatives exist for international representatives? Needed for the accomplishment of their missions ‘Extraterritoriality’ The homes, cars & other territories of the ambassador is considered to be the home countrys’ ‘Character Representatives’ Diplomatic missions are the personifications of their home countries ‘Reciprocity’ You don’t kill our diplomats, we don’t kill yours. Ambassadors of peace. Yang terpenting adalah menjamin terjalanya misi. Yang ekstrateritorial, sebagian hakim menganggapnya tidak sah. Tantamount to invasion of the sender country.

Diplomatic Prerogatives/rights Inviolability (security from trespass, assault) of the diplomatic representatives’ person, family, building, archives & documents. (Article 29) Exception from local criminal jusrisdiction & taxes. (Article 31 & 28) Freedom of movement and diplomatic travel, per requirements of the mission. Freedom of communication, per requirements of the mission. Security from all forms of violence, provided by the host state. Security from violence or actions which restrict the freedom of the representative. Security from attacks on diplomatic buildings, private accomodation, or transportation. Security from the threat of the above violence, and from conspiracies to commit such acts. Termasuk penahanan, inviolabilitas=tidak boleh dilanggar tanpa seijin pihak yg didalam, negara penerima yang berkewajiban menyediakan pengamanan

Diplomatic obligations The duty of all persons enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State. (Article 41) Duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of that State/state sovereignty. (Article 41) The premises (facilities, buildings) of the mission must not be used in any manner incompatible with the functions of the mission. (Article 41) Shall not in the receiving State practise for personal profit any professional or commercial activity. (Article 42) Most diplomats follow local rules! Custom is to do this. More practical this way anyway.

Controversies Resulting from diplomatic prerogatives Serious lawbreaking. Because of prerogatives, the representatives cannot be tried by the host country. Gueorgui Makharadze, 2x drunk driver, killed a teenager (1997) Raymond Davis, self-defence killed two Pakistanis. (2011) Libyan 1984 incident vs protesters & standoff. (1984) Systematic lawbreaking. Diplomatic representatives to the UN & the City of New York. Exploitation of domestic servants. Host states have little recourse against diplomatic lawbreakers, because of prerogatives. Risks international controversy. Libyan 1984 incident, siege & tension, taking of political prisoners, closing of diplomatic relations.

Structure of Diplomatic & Consulate representatives (vienna 1961) Duta Besar/Ambassador -- Consulate General Accredited to the head of state (president) Head of the mission, leader of the embassy. Duta/Ministers/Envoys -- Consuls Obsolete (last in 1960, upgraded to embassy) Charge d’affaires – Vice Consuls Accredited to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Head of the mission in the absence of the ambassador. Attaché Specific functions outside diplomatic rank Accredited to specific ministries according to function (eg. Ministry of Science) Because far from home, carte blanche, possibility of conflict

Modern Diplomatic Mission Hierarchy Now indicates seniority

Diplomatic Mission Functions Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) Representation Protection Negotiation Cooperation Reporting

Appointment of Diplomatic missions The home country notifies the host country on the selection of the ambassador candidate & other members of the diplomatic mission. The host country confirms that the ambassador candidate is acceptable (declaration of persona grata). The host country gives Letters of Credence/Lettre de Creance to the ambassador to lead the mission & represent the country. Letters of Credence may also be given for specific negotiations. The host country may refuse by: Not confirming a persona grata status, or rejecting certain specific missions Declaring the candidate(s) persona non grata

The End of a Diplomatic Mission The withdrawal of representation rights through a Lettre de Recreance (at the fulfillment/end of a mission) Request from the host state that the mission be withdrawn/waiver of diplomatic immunity & waiver of execution of punishment Outbreak of war between the host & home country Declaration of persona non grata Fulfillment of a mission Chronological end of a Letter of Credence Waiver of diplomatic immunity: may be tried, waiver of punishment: may be punished in the host country

Persona Non Grata? An Unwelcome Person –entry is prohibited to the country for a persona non grata by the government of that country. Ultimate form of disbarment for diplomats or foreign nationals. Declared at any time and without having to explain its decision (Article 9) recall the person concerned or terminate his functions

UU RI No. 37 / 1999 tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri BAB VII Pasal 29 Duta Besar Luar Biasa dan Berkuasa Penuh adalah pejabat negara yang diangkat oleh Presiden selaku Kepala Negara Duta Besar Luar Biasa dan Berkuasa Penuh mewakili negara dan bangsa Indonesia dan menjadi wakil pribadi Presiden RI di suatu negara atau pada suatu organisasi internasional

BAB VIII Pasal 35 Presiden memberikan Surat Kepercayaan kepada Duta Besar Luar Biasa dan Berkuasa Penuh RI untuk suatu negara tertentu atau pada suatu organisasi internasional Presiden menerima Surat Kepercayaan dari kepala negara asing bagi pengangkatan Duta Besar Luar Biasa dan Berkuasa Penuh negara tersebut untuk Indonesia

Pasal 36 Dalam hal seseorang ditunjuk untuk mewakili Negara RI pada suatu upacara tertentu di luar negeri, jika disyaratkan, kepada seseorang yang ditunjuk diberikan Surat Kepercayaan yang ditandatangani oleh Presiden Dalam hal seseorang ditunjuk untuk mewakili Pemerintah RI dalam suatu konferensi internasional, jika disyaratkan, kepada orang yang ditunjuk diberikan Surat Kepercayaan yang ditandatangani oleh Menteri

Pasal 37 Presiden menandatangani Surat Tauliah bagi seorang Konsul Jenderal RI yang diangkat guna melaksanakan tugas konsuler untuk suatu wilayah tertentu pada suatu negara asing Presiden menerima Surat Tauliah seorang Konsul Jenderal asing yang bertugas di Indonesia serta mengeluarkan eksekuatur untuk memulai tugasnya