Understanding Cross-cultural & Indigenous Psychology ? Presented by Kwartarini Wahyu Yuniarti Faculty of Psychology Gadjah Mada University Reference: Shiraev & Levy Cross-cultural Psychology 2004

Culture Def: a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large group of people & usually communicated from one generation to the next Attitudes: beliefs, values, general konwledge, opinions, superstitions, & stereotypes Behaviors: a wide variety of norms, rules, customs, traditions, habits, pratices & fashions Symbols: represent things or ideas, meaning of … (colors, foerms, building, … artefact)

Cutural Awareness 1. Di Jepang, Anda bisa langsung membuat kesepakatan bisnis segera pertama kali bertemu dengan calon pembeli produk/jasa Anda!

Cutural Awareness 2. Bila anda dialih-tugaskan di kantor pusat perusahaan di Amerika Serikat, untuk memberi kesan pertama yang baik kepada rekan-rekan kerja perlulah bagi Anda untuk menjelaskan tentang siapa Anda, siapa keluarga Anda, dan dari universitas mana Anda lulus

Cutural Awareness 3. Di negara-negara Barat, anda bisa setiap saat mengunjungi seseorang di kantor atau di rumahnya tanpa perjanjian lebih dahulu!

Cutural Awareness 4. Bila berhubungan dengan bahasa Jerman atau Belanda maka Anda langsung bisa meminta orang memanggil Anda dengan ‘‘nama kecil‘‘ dan juga memanggil mereka dengan nama kecil masing-masing, seperti Pieter, Jorg, Frank, dan sebagainya!

Cutural Awareness 5. Dalam bekerja dengan orang Amerika dan Australia Anda perlu berperilaku dan bersikap berbeda kepada setiap orang yang Anda hadapi berdasarkan jabatan dan umur mereka!

Cutural Awareness 6. Pada perusahaan ‘‘barat‘‘ Anda tidak boleh ‘‘menentang‘‘ pendapat atasan Anda atau berdebat dengan mereka di dalam rapat!

Cutural Awareness 7. Untuk menjaga hubungan dengan atasan-atasan Anda yang datang dari ‘‘dunia barat‘‘ maka Anda perlu banyak memberikan bantuan bersifat pribadi, termasuk urusan-urusan rumah mereka!

Cutural Awareness 8. Dalam memilih seseorang untuk mempromosikan, penting bagi orang Jerman dan Amerika untuk mempertimbangkan senioritas, dalam arti masa kerja dan usia seseorang daripada prestasi kerja mereka!

Cutural Awareness 9. Untuk dapat diterima oleh rekan-rekan Anda atau bawahan Anda di Singapura Anda harus memulai dengan ‘‘unjuk gigi‘‘ tentang keahlian teknis anda dalam bidang pekerjaan!

Cutural Awareness 10. Pada waktu rapat di lingkungan manajemen ‘‘barat‘‘ sebaiknya kita lebih banyak diam dan jangan ‘‘pamer‘‘ pengetahuan agar tidak disebut ‘‘sok pinter‘‘!

Manajer Internasional Selamat menjadi Manajer Internasional

What is cross-cultural psychology Live´conditions varies from place to place Humans actions & mental sets are formed & developed in various environments  fluctuate from group to group Similarities & Differences Comparative & critical thinking examines diversity & the underlying reasons for such diversity

patterns of thinking, feeling & acting Cross-cultural Psychology Cultural Psychology ? Seeks & discover meaningfull linkages between a culture & the psychology of individuals living in this culture Advocating the idea that mental processes are essentially the products of an interaction between culture & the individual patterns of thinking, feeling & acting

Issues attached to culture Race: a group of people distinguished by certain similar & genetically transmitted physical characteristics E.g.: Pesek & sipit --- Caucasian Hidung terbuka gede --- Negroid --?--- Jawa ---?--- Batak Ethnicity: common ancestral – cultural heritage, language, traditions, religions dll

Race USA : White – Black – Indian American – Asian – Hispanic Ex. Chinese Doctor – confusion between nationality and ethnicity Singapore : Indian – Chinese – Malay Indonesia : ----?----

Empirical Examination of Culture Hi Power Distance vs. Low Power Distance Hi Uncertainty avoidance vs. Low uncertainty avoidance Feminin culture vs. Masculin culture Collectivism vs. Individualism

Hi Power Distance vs. Low Power Distance …is the extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally (Hofstede, 1980)

Hi Uncertainty avoidance vs. Low uncertainty avoidance ….the degree to which members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity

Feminine culture vs. Masculine culture Feminin culture : caring for others, consensus–seeking behavior & gentleness Masculine : focusing on work and achievement

Collectivism vs. Individualism Collectivism: behavior based on concern on others and care for traditions and values heading to harmony Individialism: behavior based on concern on oneself and one´s immediate family or primary group as opposed the groups or society to which one belongs

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