PENGELOLAAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN HUTAN MENGGUNAKAN FUNGISIDA

Integrated pest management (IPM) combines several pest management strategies to provide effective, economical control of pests while minimizing damage to the environment. An understanding of the lifecycle and biology of pests underpins the IPM approach. The components of an IPM program include pest identification, pest monitoring, determination of economic injury level and pest control strategies

Cultural practices Plants or animals selected for specific traits (e.g. GMO cotton, Brahman-infused breeds in tick areas) Watering, fertilising, pruning or mulching to maintain plant health and vigour Pest and residue removal Crop management practices (e.g. crop rotations to reduce pest pressure, burning or deep ploughing stubble just before planting)

Biological controls Beneficial insects Natural enemies (e.g. pest parasites or predators) Fly and insect trapping Pheromones

Chemical controls Insect growth regulators Pesticides - using the most appropriate product at the best time and after careful monitoring of pest levels

Before choosing a control method(s): Correctly identify the organism to ensure it is a pest. Monitor the pest populations and determine the likelihood of economic damage. Review available control methods. Know and follow local, state and federal regulations that apply. Evaluate the benefits and risks of each available treatment method or combination of methods. Determine whether there are any threatened or endangered species in the area to be treated. Choose the method(s) that are effective yet will cause the least harm to you, others and the environment. Correctly carry out the control practice(s) and keep accurate records.

Protectant (Pre-Infection) Fungicides Protectant fungicides prevent fungi from successfully penetrating host tissue. Contact Fungicide

Systemic fungicide

Curative (Early Post-Infection) Fungicides Curative fungicides have the ability to inhibit or stop the development of infections that have already started. With some fungicides, this includes a degree of anti-sporulant activity that helps to slow disease development by limiting the reproductive potential of the fungus.

Uptake and Movement in Plants ? Fungicide Mode of Action ? Fungicide Resistance Concerns A major concern associated with strobilurin fungicides, and to lesser extent the triazoles, is the potential for resistance to develop among populations of Phakopsora pachyrhiziexposed to these fungicides.

Scenarios Low Risk — Moderate Risk — High Risk —

Rerata luas serangan penyakit karat tumor pada perlakuan dengan fungisida berbahan aktif a). Hexaconazol dan b). Mankozeb pada semai sengon umur 2 bulan di lokasi Cangkringan dan Kaliurang (F = diperlukan dengan Fungisida; K = Kontrol, tidak diaplikasi dengan fungisida) Sumber: Wahyu, P.K. (2012)

Teliospora yang telah berkecambah dan membentuk basidiospora serta melakukan penetrasi pada semai sengon yang diperlakukan dengan fungisida a. Sistemik, b. Kontak, c. kontrol (tanpa diaplikasi fungisida) (Gambar a,b.c, perbesaran 200X) Sumber: Wahyu, P.K. (2012)

Bentuk spora jamur karat yang tidak beraturan akibat pengaruh bahan aktif fungisida: a. kontak, b. sistemik dan c. bentuk spora yang bulat dan tidak diperlakukan dengan fungisida. (Gambar a,b.c, perbesaran 200X) Sumber: Wahyu, P.K. (2012)

Basidiospora yang melakukan penetrasi pada jaringan semai sengon yang di perlakukan dengan fungisida: a. Kontak, b. Sistemik (Gambar a,b, perbesaran 200X) Sumber: Wahyu, P.K. (2012)

Persen teliospora jamur karat pada permukaan jaringan pucuk semai sengon yang diperlakukan dengan fungisida berbahan aktif Hexaconazol, Mancozete dan kontrol (tidak diperlakukan dengan fungisida) Sumber data : Wahyu, P.K. (2012)

Basidiospora yang telah melakukan penetrasi dan a Basidiospora yang telah melakukan penetrasi dan a. tidak mampu melanjutkan proses infeksi pada jaringan semai yang di aplikasi dengan fungisida sistemik, mampu melajutkan proses infeksi pada b. jaringan yang di aplikasi dengan fungisida kontak, c. Tidak diaplikasi dengan fungisida (kontrol) (Gambar a,b.c, perbesaran 200X) Sumber data : Wahyu, P.K. (2012)