Prinsip-prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional (Materi 4)

THE LAW OF WAR BASIC PRINCIPLES Humanity Proportionality Distinction Aim : ''To limit and alleviate as much as possible the calamities of war'' THE LAW OF WAR BASIC PRINCIPLES Humanity Proportionality Distinction Military Necessity Limitation

1) Humanity Pihak yg bersengketa harus perhatikan asas perikemanusiaan Pelarangan atas sarana & metode berperang yg tdk penting bagi tercapainya suatu keuntungan militer “..penangkapan lebih diutamakan drpd melukai musuh; & melukai musuh adl lebih baik drpd membunuhnya; bhw non-kombatan hrs dijauhkan sedapat mgk dr arena pertempuran...” Ketentuan utk memberikan bantuan tanpa diskriminasi kpd org yg terluka di medan perang

KESEIMBANGAN PT I psl 57-2.(a) (iii)

PT 1/1977 ps 48; 52.2; 57; 44.3

Prinsip Pembedaan Ps. 48 PT I/1977 Agar dpt dijamin penghormatan & perlindungan thd penduduk sipil & obyek sipil, Pihak2 dlm sengketa setiap saat hrs membedakan penduduk sipil dr kombatan & antara obyek sipil & sasaran militer & krn-nya hrs mengarahkan operasinya hanya thd sasaran2 militer saja

PT 1 ps 52.2

PT I/1977, ps 52.2; 57.2

Obyek sipil hanya bisa jd sasaran militer jika (PT I/1977, ps 52.2): Obyek tsb telah memberikan kontribusi efektif bagi tindakan militer pihak musuh Tindakan penghancuran, atau penangkapan atau perlucutan thd obyek tsb memang akan memberikan suatu keuntungan militer yg seharusnya bagi pihak yg akan melakukan tindakan Sasaran yg dipilih adl yg mengakibatkan bahaya yg plg kecil bagi nyawa orang & obyek sipil (PT I/1977, ps. 57.2)

PT 1/1977 ps 35

Limitation

FIGHT ONLY ENEMY OBJECTS BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION

LIMITS ON PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN IN HOSTILITIES PREVENT CHILDREN UNDER 15 FROM DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES. PROHIBIT THEIR RECRUITMENT Additional Protocol I, art 77 PROHIBIT RECRUITMENT AND DIRECT OR INDIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES BY CHILDREN UNDER 15 Additional Protocol II

OPTIONAL PROTOCOL ON INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT, 2000 NO DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES BY MEMBERS OF ARMED FORCES BELOW 18 NO COMPULSORY RECRUITMENT IN ARMED FORCES OF PERSONS BELOW 18 VOLUNTARY RECRUITMENT: ONLY OF THOSE ABOVE 15 ARMED GROUPS NOT TO RECRUIT OR USE IN HOSTILITIES PERSONS BELOW 18 RECRUITMENT OF CHILDREN BELOW 15  WAR CRIMES (Rome Statute, art.8)

COMBATANTS ? BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION

PROTECT - DO NOT FIGHT Neutrals Works containing Dangerous forces BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Neutrals Works containing Dangerous forces Cultural property Wounded, sick and Those who have shipwrecked surrendered Civilian Populations Civil Defence Medical establishments

CULTURAL PROPERTY 1. Protected object 2. Special Protection Historical BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Historical Religious Cultural Museum 1. Protected object 2. Special Protection

Withdrawal of Immunity ? CULTURAL PROPERTY BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Withdrawal of Immunity ? Only in exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity Only for such time as necessity continues Special Protection - Withdrawal by divisional commander only

Medical Units, Personnel and Resources BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Used exclusively for searching for, collection, transport, treatment of wounded and sick, and prevention of diseases

SPECIALLY PROTECTED PERSONS BEHAVIOUR IN ACTION Civil Defence Shall be allowed to do their work May be verified Light Arms

Means and methods of warfare is NOT UNLIMITED REFRESHER Basic Issues Means and methods of warfare is NOT UNLIMITED PROPORTIONALITY must be applied Attack only military targets Avoid incidental loss or damage to civilians or civilian objects Give advance warning to civilians (if possible, without losing advantage) THE BASIC RULES

CONDUCT OF ATTACK Only against military objects - clearly identified, designated and assigned Choice of attack must ensure least danger to civilians Direction and movement of attack must limit collateral damage to civilians Choice of weapons - depends on desired effect Advanced warning - if tactical situation allows Withdrawal of immunity of protected objects Cancel attack if it appears not to be military target

CONDUCT OF DEFENCE Shall be outside of populated areas Civilains and civilian objects to be removed Counter-attack - as for attack Civilians must be moved to localities they know and presents no danger to them Civilian objects moved to location outside military ops Give advanced warning to civilians if tactical situation allows Withdrawal of immunity on cultural objects - as for attack

MOVEMENTS AND LOCATION Move through or close to populated areas as rapidly as possible Stoppages should be outside populated areas. If unavoidable - for as short a time as possible or in less densely populated areas

All Protected Localities and Zones must be clearly marked LOCALITIES AND ZONES - SPECIAL PROTECTION All Protected Localities and Zones must be clearly marked visible from the air and ground Armed forces to be given clear instructions regarding leaving, taking over, as well as combat close to zone

Military operations shall be kept at an appropriate distance from such LOCALITIES AND ZONES - SPECIAL PROTECTION Military operations shall be kept at an appropriate distance from such protected zones Such protected zones shall not be established near any military activity or object

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