Organizational Environment Analysis Organizational Theory, Design, and Change

What is the Organizational Environment? Environment: the set of forces surrounding an organization that have the potential to affect the way it operates and its access to scarce resources Organizational domain: the particular range of goods and services that the organization produces, and the customers and other stakeholders whom it serves Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

The Organizational Environment Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

The Specific Environment The forces from outside stakeholder groups that directly affect an organization’s ability to secure resources Outside stakeholders include customers, distributors, unions, competitors, suppliers, and the government The organization must engage in transactions with all outside stakeholders to obtain resources to survive Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

The General Environment The forces that shape the specific environment and affect the ability of all organizations in a particular environment to obtain resources Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

The General Environment (cont.) Economic forces: factors, such as interest rates, the state of the economy, and the unemployment rate, determine the level of demand for products Technological forces: the development of new production techniques and new information-processing equipment, influence many aspects of organizations’ operations Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

The General Environment (cont.) Political and environmental forces: influence government policy toward organizations and their stakeholders Demographic, cultural, and social forces: the age, education, lifestyle, norms, values, and customs of a nation’s people Shape organization’s customers, managers, and employees Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Sources of Uncertainty in the Organizational Environment All environmental forces cause uncertainty for organizations Greater uncertainty makes it more difficult for managers to control the flow of resources to protect and enlarge their domains Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Sources of Uncertainty in the Environment (cont.) Environmental complexity: the strength, number, and interconnectedness of the specific and general forces that an organization has to manage Interconnectedness: increases complexity Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Sources of Uncertainty in the Environment (cont.) Environmental dynamism: the degree to which forces in the specific and general environments change over time Stable environment: forces that affect the supply of resources are predictable Unstable (dynamic) environment: it is difficult to predict how forces will change that affect the supply of resources Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Sources of Uncertainty in the Environment (cont.) Environmental richness: the amount of resources available to support an organization’s domain Environments may be poor because: The organization is located in a poor country or in a poor region of a country There is a high level of competition, and organizations are fighting over available resources Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Three Factors Causing Uncertainty Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Organizational Theory and Environmental Theory Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Contingency Theory Burn dan Stalker menyimpulkan bahwa efektivitas masing-masing tipe struktur organisasi adalah ”tergantung” (contingent) terhadap jenis lingkungan yang dihadapi Menghasilkan struktur organisasi mekanik dan organik Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Struktur Organisasi Mekanik dan Organik (Burns & Stalkel) Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Resource Dependence Theory Ide dasar teori ini adalah bahwa hubungan organisasi dan lingkungan adalah bersifat dependen, organisasi bergantung kepada lingkungan untuk mendapatkan sumberdaya (modal, bahan mentah, tenaga kerja, teknologi & peralatan, dll). Oleh karena itu teori ini disebut teori ketergantungan sumberdaya (resource dependent). Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Population Ecology Theory Teori ini bermanfaat untuk menganalisis kelompok-kelompok industri tertentu, dimana organisasi yang datang dan pergi terjadi dengan relatif mudah organisasi-organisasi yang tergabung dalam kelompok resource pool yang sama adalah persaingan yang bersifat saling ketergantungan (interdependence) Proses seleksi didalam suatu populasi organisasi terjadi melalui tiga tahap, yaitu:variasi, seleksi, dan retensi atau survival Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall

Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Institutional Theory Pengaruh lingkungan terhadap organisasi: Pengaruh yang menekankan pada aspek teknis dan ekonomis (efesiensi dan efektivitas) Pengaruh yang menekankan pada aspek sosio kultural Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall