RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak INTRODUCTION PERILAKU ORGANISASI RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Sub-Pokok Bahasan: Pengertian Perilaku Organisasi Peluang dan Tantangan Dalam Perilaku Organisasi Pengembangan Model Perilaku Organisasi Perspectives on Effectiveness RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Organizations Entities that enable society to pursue accomplishments that can’t be achieved by individuals acting alone. An organization is a coordinated unit consisting of at least two people who function to achieve a common goal or set of goals. This is about—organizations, large and small, domestic and global, successful and unsuccessful. Looking inside the organization at the people, processes, and structures will help enlighten the observer and will also reveal the inner workings of organizations that have been a main contributor to the standards of living enjoyed by people around the world. Source: Gibson, et.al (2012) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Pengertian Perilaku Organisasi Organization Behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. (Perilaku Organisasi adalah sebuah bidang studi yang menginvestigasi dampak individu, kelompok, dan struktur terhadap perilaku di dalam organisasi, dengan tujuan untuk menerapkan pengetahuan tersebut dalam rangka memperbaiki keefektivitasan organisasi.) Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Organizational behavior (OB) is the field of study that draws on theory, methods, and principles from various disciplines to learn about individuals’ perceptions, values, learning capacities, and actions while working in groups and within the organization and to analyze the external environ ment’s effect on the organization and its human resources, missions, objectives, and strategies. (Perilaku Organisasi adalah bidang studi yang mengacu pada teori, metode-metode, dan prinsip-prinsip dari berbagai disiplin ilmu untuk mempelajari tentang persepsi individu, nilai, kapasitas belajar, dan tindakan-tindakan saat bekerja dalam kelompok dan dalam organisasi serta untuk menganalisis pengaruh lingkungan eksternal terhadap organisasi dan sumber daya manusia, misi, tujuan, dan strateginya. Source: Gibson, et.al (2012) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Structure and Processes Affect Organizational Behavior and the Emergent Culture Blueprint that indicates how people and jobs are grouped together in an organization. Structure is illustrated by anorganization chart. Processes Activities that breathe life into organization structure. Common processes are communication, decision making, socialization, and career development. Culture The pattern of basic assumptions used by individuals and groups to deal with the organization and its environment Source: Gibson, et.al (2012) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Contributions to the Study and Application of Organization Behavior Source: Gibson, et.al (2012) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Bidang-Bidang Ilmu Yang Berkontribusi Terhadap Perilaku Organisasi Psychology Sociology Social Psychology Anthropology Many behavioral sciences have contributed to the development of Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior (OB) is interdisciplinary in nature as it is an applied behavioral science. The theory in OB relies on contributions from multiple behavioral disciplines. These disciplines include Psychology, Social Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology. Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Kontribusi Psychology Psikologi adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang berusaha mengukur, menjelaskan, dan kadang-kadang mengubah perilaku manusia dan hewan lainnya. Unit of Analysis: Individual Contributions to OB: Learning, motivation, personality, emotions, perception Training, leadership effectiveness, job satisfaction Individual decision making, performance appraisal, attitude measurement Employee selection, work design, and work stress Psychology focuses on the individual level by seeking to measure, explain, and sometimes change behaviors in individuals. This area of study offers insights in such areas as learning, training, decision making, and employee selection. Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Kontribusi Social Psychology Psikologi sosial adalah suatu bidang dalam psikologi yang memadukan konsep-konsep dari psikologi dan sosiologi dan yang berfokus pada pengaruh orang terhadap orang lainnya. Unit of Analysis: Group Contributions to OB: Behavioral change Attitude change Communication Group processes Group decision making Social Psychology moves beyond individual analysis to look at group behavior and how individuals can influence on another. It blends together sociology and psychology and looks primarily at change, communication, and group interactions. Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

-- Organizational System -- Group Kontribusi Sociology Sosiologi adalah studi tentang orang-orang dalam hubungannya dengan sesama manusia. Unit of Analysis: -- Organizational System -- Group Contributions to OB: Group dynamics Work teams Communication Power Conflict Intergroup behavior Formal organization theory Organizational technology Organizational change Organizational culture Sociology looks at the relationship between individuals and their environment. Sociologists’ main contribution to OB is through offering a better understanding of group behavior. It looks more at how a group operates within an organizational system. One key area that sociologists contribute to in OB is culture, a key factor in OB studies. Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Kontribusi Anthropology Antropologi adalah studi tentang masyarakat untuk mempelajari tentang manusia dan kegiatan mereka. Unit of Analysis: -- Organizational System -- Group Comparative values Comparative attitudes Cross-cultural analysis Contributions to OB: Organizational culture Organizational environment An Anthropologist studies societies to learn about the human beings and their activities. They help us understand the differences between different groups in terms of their values, attitudes, and behaviors. Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Contingency Variable (Z) Beberapa Keabsolutan Dalam OB Contingency Variable (Z) Independent Variable (X) Dependent Variable (Y) In American Culture Boss Gives “Thumbs Up” Sign Understood as Complimenting In Iranian or Australian Cultures Understood as Insulting - “Up Yours!” Terdapat beberapa keabsolutan dalam perilaku organisasi. Ketika membuat keputusan, anda harus selalu mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor situasional yang dapat mengubah hubungan antara dua variabel. Misalnya, seperti terlihat dalam gambar, satu pesan dari seorang bos dalam budaya Amerika dapat berarti hal yang sama sekali berbeda dalam budaya lain. Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

2. Peluang dan Tantangan Dalam Perilaku Organisasi Responding to Economic Pressures Responding to Globalization Managing Workforce Diversity Improving Quality and Productivity Improving Customer Service Improving People Skills Stimulating Innovation and Change Coping with “Temporariness” Working in Networked Organizations Helping Employees Balance Work-Life Conflicts Creating a Positive Work Environment Improving Ethical Behavior Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Responding to Economic Pressures (Merespon Tekanan Ekonomi) Saat terjadi kesulitan ekonomi, kebutuhan akan mangelola organisasi saat ekonomi atau keadaan berjalan baik. Seringkali ketika ada tekanan ekonomi, manajer dipaksa untuk membuat keputusan berdasarkan keterbatasan sumber daya. Situasi ini mungkin termasuk merumahkan karyawan, memotivasi karyawan ketika ada sumber daya yang terbatas, dan mendorong karyawan ketika mereka stres tentang masa depan mereka. What do you do during difficult economic times? Effective management is critical during hard economic times. Managers need to handle difficult activities such as firing employees, motivating employees to do more with less and working through the stress employees feel when they are worrying about their future. OB focuses on issues such as stress, decision making, and coping during difficult times. Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Responding to Globalization (Merespon Globalisasi) Organisasi sekarang ada di lingkungan tanpa batas nasional. Akibatnya, pekerjaan manajer telah berubah. Mereka perlu memiliki perspektif yang lebih luas ketika membuat keputusan. Saat pekerjaan di luar negeri meningkat, Anda harus mampu mengelola tenaga kerja yang berbeda dari yang biasa digunakan dan membawa kebutuhan, aspirasi dan sikap yang berbeda di tempat kerja (workplace). Anda juga akan menemukan individu-individu yang datang untuk bekerja di negara Anda sendiri yang berasal dari budaya yang berbeda. Untuk itu, Anda perlu menemukan cara untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan mereka dan membantu mereka berasimilasi dengan budaya tempat kerja Anda. Anda juga mungkin perlu melakukan tugas sulit memindahkan pekerjaan di luar negara Anda ke negara dengan biaya tenaga kerja lebih rendah. Secara logistik, ini adalah proses yang sulit, demikian juga secara emosional bagi para pekerja yang akan kehilangan pekerjaan mereka. Increased foreign assignments Working with people from different cultures Overseeing movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labor Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Managing Workforce Diversity (Mengelola Keberagaman Tempat kerja) Disability Gender Age National Origin Religion Race Domestic Partners Ketika batasan (borders) lenyap, kita melihat heterogenitas semakin banyak di tempat kerja. Manajer hari ini perlu merangkul keragaman dan menemukan cara untuk mengelolanya secara efektif. Perubahan demografi telah menggeser filosofi manajemen dengan cara yang mengakui dan memanfaatkan perbedaan untuk menciptakan produktivitas, profitabilitas, dan budaya ramah. The people in organizations are becoming more heterogeneous demographically Embracing diversity (merangkul keragaman) Changing U.S. demographics Changing management philosophy Recognizing and responding to differences (Menyadari dan menanggapi perbedaan) Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

3. Pengembangan Model Perilaku Organisasi Dalam Perilaku Organisasi (OB), Robbins & Judge (2011) menggunakan tiga level analisis, level pertama dari analisis kita akan lihat adalah level individu. Pada tingkat ini kita melihat perilaku individu. Berikutnya, mengakui bahwa individu membentuk kelompok, kami menganalisis bagaimana perilaku kelompok terjadi. Akhirnya, organisasi terdiri dari kelompok individu-idividi sehingga Robbins & Judge turut menganalisis organisasi di level sistem. A model is an abstraction of reality – a simplified representation of some real-world phenomenon. Model OB dari Robbin & Judge memiliki three levels of analysis Setiap level dibangun berdasarkan level sebelumnya (the prior level ) Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Model Perilaku Organisasi Dependent Variables (Y) Three Levels Independent Variables (X) Source: Robbins & Judge (2011) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

4. Perspectives on Effectiveness Three Perspectives on Effectiveness Source: Gibson, et.al (2012) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

Causes of Effectiveness Source: Gibson, et.al (2012) RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak

RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak aferaw@gmail.com THANK YOU RA. Afera Ratna Wijayanti, SE., M.Ak aferaw@gmail.com