Supply Chain Management

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Transcript presentasi:

Supply Chain Management Anjar Rahmanto Afgani Kervin Candra Danasmara A Roni Agesi

Introduction Sebagai pemahaman dasar, supply chain management berkaitan dengan adanya hubungan efisiensi dari supplier, manufacturers, warehouse, dan store. Definisi supply chain management menurut Chase, Aquilano, Jacobs adalah sistem untuk menerapkan pendekatan secara total untuk mengelola seluruh aliran informasi, bahan, dan jasa dari bahan baku melalui pabrik dan gudang ke konsumen akhir. Tantangan dari supply chain management adalah mengkoordinasikan aktivitas supply chain sehingga dapat meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan seperti mengurangi biaya, meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan, mengurangi bull whip effect, dan memiliki kepekaan terhadap perubahan.

Push–Based Supply Chain Dalam push-based supply chain, keputusan produksi dan distribusi didasarkan atas perencanaan jangka panjang, sehingga pabrik didasarkan atas perkiraan permintaan atas pesanan yang diterima dari pengecer. Atau dengan pengertian lain push-based supply chain adalah aksi untuk mengantisipasi kebutuhan dengan proses manajemen sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi kemungkinan terjadinya resiko stoke-out. What are the problems with push strategies? -Inability to meet changing demand patterns -Obsolescence -The bullwhip effect: Excessive inventory Excessive production variability Poor service levels

Pull-Based Supply Chain Dalam pull-based supply chain, produksi dan distribusi didasarkan atas permintaan sehingga lebih dikoordinasikan dengan permintaan konsumen yang real daripada perkiraan permintaan. Atau dengan kata lain, push-based supply chain adalah arti dalam melayani permintaan sehingga proses produksi yang berjalan mempertimbangkan adanya inventory/persediaan sekecil mungkin. Production is demand driven -Production and distribution coordinated with true customer demand -Firms respond to specific orders Pull Strategies result in: -Reduced lead times (better anticipation) -Decreased inventory levels at retailers and manufacturers -Decreased system variability -Better response to changing markets But: -Harder to leverage economies of scale -Doesn’t work in all cases

Perbedaan Push dan Pull Push-Based Supply Chain memandang manufaktur membutuhkan ketersediaan inventori untuk mendukung kelancaran proses produksi. Sedangkan Pull-Based Supply Chain menghendaki ketiadaan inventori karena dipandang sebagai beban biaya. Dengan memahami kedua strategi supply chain management tersebut, maka dapat dipahami keuntungan dan kerugian dari keduanya, yang kemudian dapat diambil keuntungan dari kedua strategi tersebut yang kemdudian dapat dikenal dengan push-pull strategy.

Push-Pull Supply Chain Idealnya dalam kegiatan supply chain management menggunakan pendekatan antara push dan pull-based, dan kemudian hal ini dikenal dengan istilah push-pull boundary. Dalam prakteknya, “push” merupakan bagian dari supply chain management pada saat sebelum dilakukan perakitan, sedanngkan “pull” dimulai dari perakitan yang didasarkan atas permintaan/pesanan konsumen. The push-pull system takes advantage of the rules of forecasting: -Forecasts are always wrong -The longer the forecast horizon the worst is the forecast -Aggregate forecasts are more accurate The Risk Pooling Concept Delayed differentiation is another example Consider Benetton sweater production

Push-Pull Supply Chains The Supply Chain Time Line Suppliers Customers PUSH STRATEGY PULL STRATEGY The push section: Uncertainty is relatively low Economies of scale important Long lead times Complex supply chain structures: Thus Management based on forecasts is appropriate Focus is on cost minimization Achieved by effective resource utilization – supply chain optimization The pull section: High uncertainty Simple supply chain structure Short lead times Reacting to realized demand is important Focus on service level Flexible and responsive approaches The push section requires: Supply chain planning Long term strategies The pull section requires: Order fulfillment processes Customer relationship management Buffer inventory at the boundaries: The output of the tactical planning process The input to the order fulfillment process. Low Uncertainty Long lead times High Uncertainty Short lead times Push-Pull Boundary

What is the Best Strategy Demand uncertainty (C.V.) Delivery cost Unit price L H H L Economies of Scale Pull Push Pull Push I Computer II IV III -Higher demand uncertainty suggests pull -Higher importance of economies of scale suggests push -High uncertainty/ EOS not important such as the computer industry implies pull -Low uncertainty/ EOS important such as groceries implies push Demand is stable Transportation cost reduction is critical Pull would not be appropriate here. -Low uncertainty but low value of economies of scale (high volume books and cd’s) Either push strategies or push/pull strategies might be most appropriate -High uncertainty and high value of economies of scale For example, the furniture industry How can production be pull but delivery push? Is this a “pull-push” system?

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