#8_STOPWATCH TIME STUDY ANALISA DAN PENGUKURAN KERJA For more sample templates, click the File tab, and then on the New tab, click Sample Templates.

LANGKAH – LANGKAH PENGUKURAN [WAKTU] KERJA

Membagi operasi dalam elemen-elemen Purpose : easy to measure & line balancing Separate handling time (non-productive time) with operation time (productive time) Separate constant element with variable element. Every element must have an easily identifiable starting and ending point (breakpoints) Continuities between elements Elements times: 0.04min (short), 0.25min (reasonable)

Metode Stopwatch Time Study CONTINUOUS TIMING Tombol stop-watch ditekan pada saat awal elemen kerja dan terus dibiarkan berjalan selama periode studi. Pengamat terus melihat jalannya jarum stop-watch dan setiap awal/akhir dari sebuah elemen kerja yang ada mencatat dan menuliskannya di lembar pengamatan. Waktu setiap elemen kerja akan diperoleh dengan cara “pengurangan” dan dilakukan setelah studi pengukuran kerja selesai dilaksanakan. APA KEKURANGAN-NYA??? REPETITIVE (SNAP-BACK METHOD) Jarum penunjuk stop-watch selalu dikembalikan ke posisi nol setiap kali satu elemen kegiatan selesai dilaksanakan. Waktu yang diamati dan dicatat akan merupakan waktu yang sebenarnya. Time study analyst akan bisa mendeteksi dengan mudah adanya variasi perbedaan waktu dari setiap elemen kegiatan. APA KEKURANGAN-NYA??? ACCUMULATIVE TIMING Merupakan kombinasi cara pengukuran dengan metoda continuous dan snap-back (pengukuran dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan dua atau lebih stop-watch yang bekerja secara bergantian).

THE RULES !!! Don’t comment to the worker during the task Stand (don’t sit) beside the worker Write every event (even though it may seems not important) Have a good position to observe Stop the study if the worker seems to be under pressure and it affects his/her work

PENGAMATAN!!!!

Tes Kenormalan, Tes Keseragaman, Tes Kecukupan Data TES KENORMALAN  data pengamatan seharusnya berjumlah cukup besar (banyak) dan berdistribusi normal. TES KESERAGAMAN  data harus homogen dan diperoleh dari populasi yang sama. TES KECUKUPAN  data yang dikumpulkan telah cukup secara obyektif, dengan konsep statistik (derajat ketelitian dan tingkat keyakinan/kepercayaan yang diinginkan).

Determining Number of Cycles Time measurement Measuring time of each element The number of observation of each element depends on the significance level and required level of accuracy

Number of Cycles To determine sample size: zs eT n = where 2 where z = number of standard deviations from the mean in a normal distribution reflecting a level of statistical confidence T = average job cycle time from the sample time study e = degree of error from true mean of distribution s = = sample standard deviation from sample time study S(xi - x)2 n - 1

Number of Cycles : Example Average cycle time = 0.361 Computed standard deviation = 0.03 Company wants to be 95% confident that computed time is within 5% of true average time n = = = 10.61 or 11 zs eT 2 (1.96)(0.03) (0.05)(0.361)

Rumus Uji Kecukupan Data Keterangan: N’ = Jumlah pengamatan untuk elemen kerja yang diukur k = tingkat keyakinan s = tingkat ketelitian

Recommended number of cycles/observations

Performance Rating & Waktu Normal 1) Waktu Pengamatan (Tobs) 2) TN < TObs untuk p < 1 (100%) 3) TN = TObs untuk p = 1 (100%) 4) TN > TObs untuk p > 1 (100%) Normal time : Tn = Tobs (PR)

WESTINGHOUSE RATING SYSTEM

Menentukan Allowance (personal time, fatigue, delays) Constant Personal Needs Fatigue Special Avoidable Delays Unavoidable Delays More details in : Handbook of IE (Salvendy) : pp. 1409

Waktu Standar dan Output Standar Waktu Normal (TN) Allowance Waktu Baku/Standard (TS) TS = TN (1 + Apfd) OS = 1 / TS

Let’s Try!

Example (a) normal time Given: A direct time study was taken on a manual work element using the snapback method. The regular cycle consisted of three elements : a, b, and c. Element d is an irregular element performed every five cycles. Determine (a) normal time (b) standard time for the cycle using Apfd = 0.15 Work element a b c d Observed time (min) 0.56 0.25 0.50 1.10 Performance rating 100% 80% 110%

Solution (a) Normal time: TN = 0.56(1.00) + 0.25(0.80) + 0.50(1.10) + 1.10(1.0)/5 = 1.53 min (b) Standard time: TS = 1.53(1 + 0.15) = 1.76 min

WESTINGHOUSE RATING SYSTEM

Thank you “Knowing exactly what you want to do, and then seeing that they do it the best and cheapest way.” - Frederick W. Taylor- Thank you