Nilai Waktu dari Uang (The Time Value of Money)

Sasaran Dapat menjelaskan mekanisme pemajemukan, yaitu bagaimana nilai uang dapat tumbuh saat dinvestasikan, Menentukan Nilai Masa Depan (Future Value) Menentukan Nilai masa depan (Future Value) atau nilai sekarang (Present Value) atas sejumlah uang dengan periode bunga majemuk yang non tahunan Mendiskusikan hubungan antara pemajemukan dan membawa kembali nilai sejumlah masa sekarang (Present Value)

Mendefinisikan anuitas biasa dan menghitung nilai majemuknya atau nilai masa depan Membedakan antara anuitas biasa dengan anuitas jatuh tempo sertamenentukan nilai masa depan dan nilai sekarang dari suatu anuitas jatuh tempo Menghitung annual persentase hasil tahunan atau tingkat suku bunga efektif tahunan dan menjelaskan perbedaannya dengan tingkat suku bunga nominal seperti yang tertera

Konsep Dasar Terjadi perubahan Nilai Tukar Uang dari waktu ke waktu Keputusan Manajemen Keuangan melalui lintas waktu

Bunga Majemuk & Discounted Compounding and Discounting Single Sums

Uang yg kita terima hari ini Rp. 100 Uang yg kita terima hari ini Rp. 100.000 akan bernilai lebih/ tumbuh dimasa yang akan datang . Ini sering di kenal sebagai opportunity costs. Opportunity cost yang diterima Rp. 100.000 akan menjadi lebih dimasa yang akan datang karena adanya bunga Today Future

Opportunity cost ini dapat di hitung

Opportunity cost ini dapat di hitung Rp. 100.000 hari ini menjadi ? Di masa YAD / Future menjadi ? (compounding).

Opportunity cost ini dapat di hitung Rp. 100.000 hari ini menjadi ? Di masa YAD / Future menjadi ? (compounding). Today ? Future

Opportunity cost ini dapat di hitung Rp. 100.000 hari ini menjadi ? Di masa YAD / Future menjadi ? (compounding). Rp. 100.000 dimasa YAD = ? Hari ini (discounting). Today ? Future

Opportunity cost ini dapat di hitung Rp. 100.000 hari ini menjadi ? Di masa YAD / Future menjadi ? (compounding). Rp. 100.000 dimasa YAD = ? Hari ini (discounting). Today ? Future ? Today Future

1. Future Value / Nilai Masa Depan

Nilai masa depan investasi diakhir tahun ke n FV dapat dihitung dengan konsep bunga majemuk (bunga berbunga) dengan asumsi bunga atau tingkat keuntungan yang diperoleh dari suatu investasi tidak diambil (dikonsumsi) tetapi diinvestasikan kembali dan suku bunga tidak berubah

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Kita menyimpan Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Kita menyimpan Rp. 100.000 dalam tabungan dengan tingkat suku bunga majemuk 6% per tahun. Berapa nilai uang kita setelah 1 tahun ?

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Kita menyimpan Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Kita menyimpan Rp. 100.000 dalam tabungan dengan tingkat suku bunga majemuk 6% per tahun. Berapa nilai uang kita setelah 1 tahun ? PV = FV = 0 1

PV = -100.000 FV = Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Kita menyimpan Rp. 100.000 dalam tabungan dengan tingkat suku bunga majemuk 6% per tahun. Berapa nilai uang kita setelah 1 tahun ? 0 1 PV = -100.000 FV = Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 N = 1 PV = -100.000 FV = Rp. 106.000

PV = -100.000 FV = Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 \ Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Kita menyimpan Rp. 100.000 dalam tabungan dengan tingkat suku bunga majemuk 6% per tahun. Berapa nilai uang kita setelah 1 tahun ? 0 1 PV = -100.000 FV = Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 N = 1 PV = -100.000 FV = Rp. 106.000

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Kita menyimpan Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Kita menyimpan Rp. 100.000 dalam tabungan dengan tingkat suku bunga majemuk 6% per tahun. Berapa nilai uang kita setelah 1 tahun ? PV = -100.000 FV = 106.000 0 1 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (FVIF i, n ) FV = 100.000 (FVIF .06, 1 ) (use FVIF table, or) = 100.000 (1.06) = Rp.106.000 FV = PV (1 + i)n FV = 100.000 (1.06)1 = Rp.106.000

FV = PV (1 + i)n atau FV = PV (FVIF i, n ) FV = Nilai masa depan investasi di akhir tahun ke n i = Interest Rate (Tingkat suku bunga atau diskonto) tahunan PV = Present Value (Nilai sekarang atau jumlah investasi mula-mula diawal tahun) (1+i)n dapat dihitung menggunakan tabel A-3 (tabel FVIF-Future Value Interest Factor) atau Lampiran B (Compoud)

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun?

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun? 0 5 PV = FV =

PV = 100.000 FV = Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun? 0 5 PV = 100.000 FV = Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 N = 5 PV = -100.000 FV = Rp.133.820

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun? 0 5 PV = 100.000 FV = 133.820 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (FVIF i, n ) FV = 100 (FVIF .06, 5 ) (use FVIF table, or) FV = PV (1 + i)n FV = 100 (1.06)5 = Rp. 133.820

Compounding / Bunga Majemuk dengan periode Non Tahunan Periode bunga majemuk selain tahunan,pada beberapa transaksi periode pemajemukan bisa harian, 3 bulanan atau tengah tahunan

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, dimajemukan kuartalan berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun?

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, dimajemukan kuartalan berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun? 0 ? PV = 100.000 FV =

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, dimajemukan kuartalan berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun? 0 20 PV = 100.000 FV = ? Calculator Solution: P/Y = 4 I = 6 N = 20 PV = -100.000 FV = Rp. 134.680

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, dimajemukan kuartalan berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun? 0 20 PV = 100.000 FV = 134.680 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 4 I = 6 N = 20 PV = -100.000 FV = $134.680

Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100 Future Value – Pembayaran Tunggal Jika anda menabung Rp. 100.000 hari ini dengan tingkat bunga 6%, dimajemukan kuartalan berapa tabungan anda setelah 5 tahun? 0 20 PV = 100.000 FV = 134.680 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (FVIF i, n ) FV = 100.000 (FVIF .015, 20 ) (can’t use FVIF table) FV = PV (1 + i/m) m x n FV = 100.000 (1.015)20 = Rp. 134.680

FVn = PV (1+i/m)mn FVn = nilai masa depan investasi diakhir tahun ke-n PV = nilai sekarang atau jumlah investasi mula-mula diawal tahun pertama n = jumlah tahun pemajemukkan i = tingkat suku bunga (diskonto) tahunan m = jumlah berapa kali pemajemukkan terjadi

Future Value - continuous compounding Berapa FV dari Rp. 1 Future Value - continuous compounding Berapa FV dari Rp. 1.000 dengan bunga 8% setelah 100 tahun?

Future Value - continuous compounding Berapa FV dari Rp. 1 Future Value - continuous compounding Berapa FV dari Rp. 1.000 dengan bunga 8% setelah 100 tahun? PV = FV = 0 ?

Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (e in) Future Value - continuous compounding Berapa FV dari Rp. 1.000 dengan bunga 8% setelah 100 tahun? PV = -1000 FV = 0 100 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (e in) FV = 1000 (e .08x100) = 1000 (e 8) FV = Rp. 2.980.957,99

Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (e in) Future Value - continuous compounding What is the FV of $1,000 earning 8% with continuous compounding, after 100 years? PV = -1000 FV = 2.980 0 100 Mathematical Solution: FV = PV (e in) FV = 1000 (e .08x100) = 1000 (e 8) FV = Rp. 2.980.957,99

Present Value

Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100 Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100.000 1 tahun yang akan datang, berapa nilai sekarangnya (PV) jika biaya opportunity 6%

Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100 Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100.000 1 tahun yang akan datang, berapa nilai sekarangnya (PV) jika biaya opportunity 6% PV = FV = 0 ?

Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100 Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100.000 1 tahun yang akan datang, berapa nilai sekarangnya (PV) jika biaya opportunity 6% PV = FV = 100.000 0 1 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 N = 1 FV = 100.000 PV = -94.340

Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100 Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100.000 1 tahun yang akan datang, berapa nilai sekarangnya (PV) jika biaya opportunity 6% PV = -94.34 FV = 100.000 0 1 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 N = 1 FV = 100.000 PV = -94.340

Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100 Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100.000 1 tahun yang akan datang, berapa nilai sekarangnya (PV) jika biaya opportunity 6% PV = -94.34 FV = 100.000 0 1 Mathematical Solution: PV = FV (PVIF i, n ) PV = 100.000 (PVIF .06, 1 )(use PVIF table, or) PV = FV / (1 + i)n PV = 100.000 / (1.06)1 = Rp. 94.340

Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100 Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100.000 1 tahun yang akan datang, berapa nilai sekarangnya (PV) jika biaya opportunity 6%

Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100 Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100.000 1 tahun yang akan datang, berapa nilai sekarangnya (PV) jika biaya opportunity 6% PV = FV = 0 ?

Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100 Present Value - single sums Jika anda menerima Rp. 100.000 1 tahun yang akan datang, berapa nilai sekarangnya (PV) jika biaya opportunity 6% 0 5 PV = FV = 100 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 N = 5 FV = 100 PV = -74.73

Present Value - single sums If you receive $100 five years from now, what is the PV of that $100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? 0 5 PV = -74.73 FV = 100 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 6 N = 5 FV = 100 PV = -74.73

Present Value - single sums If you receive $100 five years from now, what is the PV of that $100 if your opportunity cost is 6%? 0 5 PV = -74.73 FV = 100 Mathematical Solution: PV = FV (PVIF i, n ) PV = 100 (PVIF .06, 5 ) (use PVIF table, or) PV = FV / (1 + i)n PV = 100 / (1.06)5 = $74.73

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of $1,000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%?

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of $1,000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%? 0 15 PV = FV =

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of $1,000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%? 0 15 PV = FV = 1000 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 7 N = 15 FV = 1,000 PV = -362.45

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of $1,000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%? 0 15 PV = -362.45 FV = 1000 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 7 N = 15 FV = 1,000 PV = -362.45

Present Value - single sums What is the PV of $1,000 to be received 15 years from now if your opportunity cost is 7%? 0 15 PV = -362.45 FV = 1000 Mathematical Solution: PV = FV (PVIF i, n ) PV = 100 (PVIF .07, 15 ) (use PVIF table, or) PV = FV / (1 + i)n PV = 100 / (1.07)15 = $362.45

Present Value - single sums If you sold land for $11,933 that you bought 5 years ago for $5,000, what is your annual rate of return?

Present Value - single sums If you sold land for $11,933 that you bought 5 years ago for $5,000, what is your annual rate of return? 0 5 PV = FV =

Present Value - single sums If you sold land for $11,933 that you bought 5 years ago for $5,000, what is your annual rate of return? 0 5 PV = -5000 FV = 11,933 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 N = 5 PV = -5,000 FV = 11,933 I = 19%

Present Value - single sums If you sold land for $11,933 that you bought 5 years ago for $5,000, what is your annual rate of return? Mathematical Solution: PV = FV (PVIF i, n ) 5,000 = 11,933 (PVIF ?, 5 ) PV = FV / (1 + i)n 5,000 = 11,933 / (1+ i)5 .419 = ((1/ (1+i)5) 2.3866 = (1+i)5 (2.3866)1/5 = (1+i) i = .19

Present Value - single sums Suppose you placed $100 in an account that pays 9.6% interest, compounded monthly. How long will it take for your account to grow to $500? PV = FV =

Present Value - single sums Suppose you placed $100 in an account that pays 9.6% interest, compounded monthly. How long will it take for your account to grow to $500? 0 ? PV = -100 FV = 500 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 12 FV = 500 I = 9.6 PV = -100 N = 202 months

Mathematical Solution: Present Value - single sums Suppose you placed $100 in an account that pays 9.6% interest, compounded monthly. How long will it take for your account to grow to $500? Mathematical Solution: PV = FV / (1 + i)n 100 = 500 / (1+ .008)N 5 = (1.008)N ln 5 = ln (1.008)N ln 5 = N ln (1.008) 1.60944 = .007968 N N = 202 months

Hint for single sum problems: In every single sum future value and present value problem, there are 4 variables: FV, PV, i, and n When doing problems, you will be given 3 of these variables and asked to solve for the 4th variable. Keeping this in mind makes “time value” problems much easier!

Compounding and Discounting The Time Value of Money Compounding and Discounting Cash Flow Streams 1 2 3 4

Annuities Annuity: a sequence of equal cash flows, occurring at the end of each period.

Annuities Annuity: a sequence of equal cash flows, occurring at the end of each period. 1 2 3 4

Examples of Annuities: If you buy a bond, you will receive equal semi-annual coupon interest payments over the life of the bond. If you borrow money to buy a house or a car, you will pay a stream of equal payments.

Examples of Annuities: If you buy a bond, you will receive equal semi-annual coupon interest payments over the life of the bond. If you borrow money to buy a house or a car, you will pay a stream of equal payments.

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years?

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? 0 1 2 3

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? 1000 1000 1000 0 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 8 N = 3 PMT = -1,000 FV = $3,246.40

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? 1000 1000 1000 0 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 8 N = 3 PMT = -1,000 FV = $3,246.40

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years?

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution:

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n )

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 1,000 (FVIFA .08, 3 ) (use FVIFA table, or)

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 1,000 (FVIFA .08, 3 ) (use FVIFA table, or) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i

Future Value - annuity If you invest $1,000 each year at 8%, how much would you have after 3 years? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 1,000 (FVIFA .08, 3 ) (use FVIFA table, or) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i FV = 1,000 (1.08)3 - 1 = $3246.40 .08

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%?

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? 0 1 2 3

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? 1000 1000 1000 0 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 8 N = 3 PMT = -1,000 PV = $2,577.10

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? 1000 1000 1000 0 1 2 3 Calculator Solution: P/Y = 1 I = 8 N = 3 PMT = -1,000 PV = $2,577.10

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%?

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution:

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n )

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) PV = 1,000 (PVIFA .08, 3 ) (use PVIFA table, or)

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) PV = 1,000 (PVIFA .08, 3 ) (use PVIFA table, or) 1 PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)n i

Present Value - annuity What is the PV of $1,000 at the end of each of the next 3 years, if the opportunity cost is 8%? Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) PV = 1,000 (PVIFA .08, 3 ) (use PVIFA table, or) 1 PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)n i PV = 1000 1 - (1.08 )3 = $2,577.10 .08

Other Cash Flow Patterns The Time Value of Money 1 2 3 Other Cash Flow Patterns

Perpetuities Suppose you will receive a fixed payment every period (month, year, etc.) forever. This is an example of a perpetuity. You can think of a perpetuity as an annuity that goes on forever.

Present Value of a Perpetuity When we find the PV of an annuity, we think of the following relationship:

Present Value of a Perpetuity When we find the PV of an annuity, we think of the following relationship: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n )

Mathematically,

Mathematically, (PVIFA i, n ) =

Mathematically, (PVIFA i, n ) = 1 - 1 (1 + i) n i

1 - i Mathematically, 1 (PVIFA i, n ) = (1 + i) We said that a perpetuity is an annuity where n = infinity. What happens to this formula when n gets very, very large? 1 - 1 (1 + i) n i

When n gets very large,

When n gets very large, 1 - 1 (1 + i) n i

When n gets very large, this becomes zero. 1 - 1 (1 + i) n i

1 - 1 i i When n gets very large, this becomes zero. 1 (1 + i) So we’re left with PVIFA = 1 - 1 (1 + i) n i 1 i

Present Value of a Perpetuity So, the PV of a perpetuity is very simple to find:

Present Value of a Perpetuity So, the PV of a perpetuity is very simple to find: PMT i PV =

What should you be willing to pay in order to receive $10,000 annually forever, if you require 8% per year on the investment?

What should you be willing to pay in order to receive $10,000 annually forever, if you require 8% per year on the investment? PMT $10,000 i .08 PV = =

What should you be willing to pay in order to receive $10,000 annually forever, if you require 8% per year on the investment? PMT $10,000 i .08 = $125,000 PV = =

Ordinary Annuity vs. Annuity Due $1000 $1000 $1000 4 5 6 7 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 1000 1000 1000 4 5 6 7 8

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 4 5 6 7 8 ordinary annuity 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 5 6 7 ordinary annuity

PV Begin Mode vs. End Mode 4 5 6 7 8 ordinary annuity in END Mode 1000 1000 1000 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 5 6 7 PV in END Mode ordinary annuity

PV FV Begin Mode vs. End Mode 4 5 6 7 8 in END Mode in END Mode 1000 1000 1000 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 5 6 7 PV in END Mode FV in END Mode ordinary annuity

Begin Mode vs. End Mode 4 5 6 7 8 annuity due 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 6 7 8 annuity due

PV Begin Mode vs. End Mode 4 5 6 7 8 annuity due in BEGIN Mode 1000 1000 1000 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 6 7 8 PV in BEGIN Mode annuity due

PV FV Begin Mode vs. End Mode 4 5 6 7 8 in BEGIN Mode in BEGIN Mode 1000 1000 1000 4 5 6 7 8 year year year 6 7 8 PV in BEGIN Mode FV in BEGIN Mode annuity due

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity:

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity: 1000 1000 1000 0 1 2 3

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity: 1000 1000 1000 0 1 2 3 Using an interest rate of 8%, we find that:

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity: 1000 1000 1000 0 1 2 3 Using an interest rate of 8%, we find that: The Future Value (at 3) is $3,246.40.

Earlier, we examined this “ordinary” annuity: 1000 1000 1000 0 1 2 3 Using an interest rate of 8%, we find that: The Future Value (at 3) is $3,246.40. The Present Value (at 0) is $2,577.10.

What about this annuity? 0 1 2 3 1000 1000 1000 Same 3-year time line, Same 3 $1000 cash flows, but The cash flows occur at the beginning of each year, rather than at the end of each year. This is an “annuity due.”

Future Value - annuity due If you invest $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? 0 1 2 3

Future Value - annuity due If you invest $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? 0 1 2 3 -1000 -1000 -1000 Calculator Solution: Mode = BEGIN P/Y = 1 I = 8 N = 3 PMT = -1,000 FV = $3,506.11

Future Value - annuity due If you invest $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? 0 1 2 3 -1000 -1000 -1000 Calculator Solution: Mode = BEGIN P/Y = 1 I = 8 N = 3 PMT = -1,000 FV = $3,506.11

Future Value - annuity due If you invest $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period:

Future Value - annuity due If you invest $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) (1 + i)

Future Value - annuity due If you invest $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) FV = 1,000 (FVIFA .08, 3 ) (1.08) (use FVIFA table, or)

Future Value - annuity due If you invest $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) FV = 1,000 (FVIFA .08, 3 ) (1.08) (use FVIFA table, or) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i (1 + i)

Future Value - annuity due If you invest $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years at 8%, how much would you have at the end of year 3? Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) FV = 1,000 (FVIFA .08, 3 ) (1.08) (use FVIFA table, or) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i FV = 1,000 (1.08)3 - 1 = $3,506.11 .08 (1 + i) (1.08)

Present Value - annuity due What is the PV of $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years, if your opportunity cost is 8%? 0 1 2 3

Present Value - annuity due What is the PV of $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years, if your opportunity cost is 8%? 0 1 2 3 1000 1000 1000 Calculator Solution: Mode = BEGIN P/Y = 1 I = 8 N = 3 PMT = 1,000 PV = $2,783.26

Present Value - annuity due What is the PV of $1,000 at the beginning of each of the next 3 years, if your opportunity cost is 8%? 0 1 2 3 1000 1000 1000 Calculator Solution: Mode = BEGIN P/Y = 1 I = 8 N = 3 PMT = 1,000 PV = $2,783.26

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution:

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period:

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) (1 + i)

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) PV = 1,000 (PVIFA .08, 3 ) (1.08) (use PVIFA table, or)

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) PV = 1,000 (PVIFA .08, 3 ) (1.08) (use PVIFA table, or) 1 PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)n i (1 + i)

Present Value - annuity due Mathematical Solution: Simply compound the FV of the ordinary annuity one more period: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) (1 + i) PV = 1,000 (PVIFA .08, 3 ) (1.08) (use PVIFA table, or) 1 PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)n i PV = 1000 1 - (1.08 )3 = $2,783.26 .08 (1 + i) (1.08)

Uneven Cash Flows -10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 Is this an annuity? 0 1 2 3 4 -10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 Is this an annuity? How do we find the PV of a cash flow stream when all of the cash flows are different? (Use a 10% discount rate).

Uneven Cash Flows 0 1 2 3 4 -10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 Sorry! There’s no quickie for this one. We have to discount each cash flow back separately.

Uneven Cash Flows 0 1 2 3 4 -10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 Sorry! There’s no quickie for this one. We have to discount each cash flow back separately.

Uneven Cash Flows 0 1 2 3 4 -10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 Sorry! There’s no quickie for this one. We have to discount each cash flow back separately.

Uneven Cash Flows 0 1 2 3 4 -10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 Sorry! There’s no quickie for this one. We have to discount each cash flow back separately.

Uneven Cash Flows 0 1 2 3 4 -10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 Sorry! There’s no quickie for this one. We have to discount each cash flow back separately.

PV of Cash Flow Stream: $ 4,412.95 0 1 2 3 4 -10,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 7,000 period CF PV (CF) 0 -10,000 -10,000.00 1 2,000 1,818.18 2 4,000 3,305.79 3 6,000 4,507.89 4 7,000 4,781.09 PV of Cash Flow Stream: $ 4,412.95

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) Which is the better loan: 8% compounded annually, or 7.85% compounded quarterly? We can’t compare these nominal (quoted) interest rates, because they don’t include the same number of compounding periods per year! We need to calculate the APY.

Annual Percentage Yield (APY)

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = ( 1 + ) m - 1 quoted rate m

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = ( 1 + ) m - 1 quoted rate m Find the APY for the quarterly loan:

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = ( 1 + ) m - 1 quoted rate m Find the APY for the quarterly loan: APY = ( 1 + ) 4 - 1 .0785 4

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = ( 1 + ) m - 1 quoted rate m Find the APY for the quarterly loan: APY = ( 1 + ) 4 - 1 APY = .0808, or 8.08% .0785 4

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) APY = ( 1 + ) m - 1 quoted rate m Find the APY for the quarterly loan: The quarterly loan is more expensive than the 8% loan with annual compounding! APY = ( 1 + ) 4 - 1 APY = .0808, or 8.08% .0785 4

Practice Problems

Example Cash flows from an investment are expected to be $40,000 per year at the end of years 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If you require a 20% rate of return, what is the PV of these cash flows?

Example Cash flows from an investment are expected to be $40,000 per year at the end of years 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. If you require a 20% rate of return, what is the PV of these cash flows? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40

This type of cash flow sequence is often called a “deferred annuity.” 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 This type of cash flow sequence is often called a “deferred annuity.”

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 How to solve: 1) Discount each cash flow back to time 0 separately. Or,

2) Find the PV of the annuity: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 2) Find the PV of the annuity: PV: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; PMT = 40,000; N = 5 PV = $119,624

2) Find the PV of the annuity: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 2) Find the PV of the annuity: PV3: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; PMT = 40,000; N = 5 PV3= $119,624

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 119,624

119,624 Then discount this single sum back to time 0. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 119,624 Then discount this single sum back to time 0. PV: End mode; P/YR = 1; I = 20; N = 3; FV = 119,624; Solve: PV = $69,226

69,226 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 119,624

The PV of the cash flow stream is $69,226. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 119,624 The PV of the cash flow stream is $69,226.

Retirement Example After graduation, you plan to invest $400 per month in the stock market. If you earn 12% per year on your stocks, how much will you have accumulated when you retire in 30 years?

Retirement Example After graduation, you plan to invest $400 per month in the stock market. If you earn 12% per year on your stocks, how much will you have accumulated when you retire in 30 years? 1 2 3 . . . 360 400 400 400 400

1 2 3 . . . 360 400 400 400 400

Using your calculator, N = 360 PMT = -400 I%YR = 12 FV = $1,397,985.65 400 400 400 400 1 2 3 . . . 360 Using your calculator, P/YR = 12 N = 360 PMT = -400 I%YR = 12 FV = $1,397,985.65

Retirement Example If you invest $400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30?

Retirement Example If you invest $400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution:

Retirement Example If you invest $400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n )

Retirement Example If you invest $400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 400 (FVIFA .01, 360 ) (can’t use FVIFA table)

Retirement Example If you invest $400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 400 (FVIFA .01, 360 ) (can’t use FVIFA table) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i

Retirement Example If you invest $400 at the end of each month for the next 30 years at 12%, how much would you have at the end of year 30? Mathematical Solution: FV = PMT (FVIFA i, n ) FV = 400 (FVIFA .01, 360 ) (can’t use FVIFA table) FV = PMT (1 + i)n - 1 i FV = 400 (1.01)360 - 1 = $1,397,985.65 .01

House Payment Example If you borrow $100,000 at 7% fixed interest for 30 years in order to buy a house, what will be your monthly house payment?

House Payment Example If you borrow $100,000 at 7% fixed interest for 30 years in order to buy a house, what will be your monthly house payment?

1 2 3 . . . 360 ? ? ? ?

P/YR = 12 I%YR = 7 PV = $100,000 PMT = -$665.30 1 2 3 . . . 360 ? ? ? ? Using your calculator, P/YR = 12 N = 360 I%YR = 7 PV = $100,000 PMT = -$665.30

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution:

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n )

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) 100,000 = PMT (PVIFA .07, 360 ) (can’t use PVIFA table)

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) 100,000 = PMT (PVIFA .07, 360 ) (can’t use PVIFA table) 1 PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)n i

House Payment Example Mathematical Solution: PV = PMT (PVIFA i, n ) 100,000 = PMT (PVIFA .07, 360 ) (can’t use PVIFA table) 1 PV = PMT 1 - (1 + i)n i 100,000 = PMT 1 - (1.005833 )360 PMT=$665.30 .005833

Team Assignment Upon retirement, your goal is to spend 5 years traveling around the world. To travel in style will require $250,000 per year at the beginning of each year. If you plan to retire in 30 years, what are the equal monthly payments necessary to achieve this goal? The funds in your retirement account will compound at 10% annually.

How much do we need to have by the end of year 30 to finance the trip? 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 250 250 250 250 250 How much do we need to have by the end of year 30 to finance the trip? PV30 = PMT (PVIFA .10, 5) (1.10) = = 250,000 (3.7908) (1.10) = = $1,042,470

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 250 250 250 250 250 Using your calculator, Mode = BEGIN PMT = -$250,000 N = 5 I%YR = 10 P/YR = 1 PV = $1,042,466

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 250 250 250 250 250 1,042,466 Now, assuming 10% annual compounding, what monthly payments will be required for you to have $1,042,466 at the end of year 30?

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 250 250 250 250 250 1,042,466 Using your calculator, Mode = END N = 360 I%YR = 10 P/YR = 12 FV = $1,042,466 PMT = -$461.17

So, you would have to place $461 So, you would have to place $461.17 in your retirement account, which earns 10% annually, at the end of each of the next 360 months to finance the 5-year world tour.