Haddon’s Conceptualization of Injury Epidemiology and Prevention

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Transcript presentasi:

Haddon’s Conceptualization of Injury Epidemiology and Prevention DR. Robiana Modjo, SKM, M.Kes Departemen Keselamatan & Kesehatan Kerja FKM-UI

Bill Haddon 1926-1985

Pendahuluan Di tahun 1949 dalam makalah “American Journal of Public Health” berjudul “The Epidemiology of Accidents”, Drs. John E. Gordon dan James J. Gibson, merupakan pendahulu dalam keilmuan epidemiologi sebelum Haddon, Dalam paper tsb disebutkan: Injury control dalam ruang lingkup kesmas  permasalahan kesehatan timbul dikarenakan adanya interaksi antara host, agent dan environment. Gibson, seorang psikologis di tahun 1961, menguraikan gagasan dengan cara mengklasifikasikan agen dalam berbagai bentuk: thermal, radiant, chemical, electrical dan mechanical.

Pendahuluan (lanjutan) Untuk menggambarkan konsep antara agent-host-environment, teori haddon menggambarkannya dalam matriks  Haddon Matrix Contohnya: Polio, haddon menggambarkan fase yang mempengaruhinya: Fase 1: preventing the etiologic agent from reaching the susceptible host Fase 2: interaction of the etiologic agents and susceptible structures Fase3: maximizing salvage once damage has been done to the susceptible structures

The Haddon Matrix Awalnya Haddon matrix memiliki konsep antara baris dan kolomnya menggambarkan faktor-faktor yang terdiri dari: sopir, penumpang pejalan kaki, pengguna sepeda, pengguna motor, polisi, jalan raya Revisi haddon matrix Kolom: manusia (host); kendaraan & peralatan (agent); lingkungan fisik dan lingkungan sosial-ekonomi (environment)

2. Revisi ke dua: Haddon mempertimbangkan permasalahan lainnya yaitu kecelakaan di jalan raya dan merubah barisnya menjadi “pre-event” – ”event” – “post-event” Haddon mengidentifikasikan: Host (person affected by the injury) Agen (energy tranferred to the host by either an inanimate vehicle or an inanimate vector) Lingkungan (elemen-elemen fisik di sekitar yang berpotensi menimbulkan injury, sosial ekonomi  norma dan moral, lingkungan politis, dan legal environment.

Three-dimensional Haddon Matrix Runyan, CW. Injury Prevention, 1998(4):302-307. Phases Other?? Pre-Event Feasibility Preferences Event Stigmatization Equity Post-event Freedom Person Vehicle/ Vector) Physical Environ Social Cost Effectiveness Decision Criteria Factors

Model tersebut telah digunakan seebagai konseptualisasi faktor etiologi kejadian injury dan juga untuk mengidentifikasi strategi pencegahan, sehingga memudahkan intervensi Dalam teori Haddon juga telah mengelompokkan 10 tindakan yang strategis terhadap injury control, yaitu: Prevent the creation of the hazard Reduce the amount of hazard Prevent release of the hazard Modify release of the hazardfrom its source

Separate the hazard from that which is to be protected by time and space Separate the hazard from that which is to be protected by a physical barrier Modify relevant basic qualities of the hazards Make what is to be protected more resistant to damage from the hazard Begin to counter damage done by the hazard Stabilize, repair and rehabilitate the object of damage

Teori haddon juga dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi masalah kesmas lainnya dari perspektif identifikasi faktor risiko dan untuk merencanakan berbagai cara pencegahan.

Contoh: Haddon Matrix diaplikasikan dalam risiko cidera pada anak-anak di taman bermain Host (children on the playground) Agent/vehicle (specific playground equipment & devices) Physical Environment (Overall playgrounds design) Social environments (community, norms, policies, rules) Pre-event (before the fall) Teach children to follow safety rules on the playground (e.g., no crowding on the climbing equipment) Construct equipment with tacky grips. Sized to children’s hands, to reduce the risk of hands slipping Build sliding boards into hillsides so children do not have to climbs to heights Foster social norms that encourage adults to help maintain orderly play on the playground Event (during the fall and time of impact) Teach children to fall in ways that reduce injury Reduce the number protrusions on equipment so falling children do not hit sharp components Ensure the presence of resilient surfacing Organize community-watch systems to monitor playground safety (e.g., maintaining surfacing) Post event (after the child is injured by the fall) Teach Children how to summon help when injuries occur (e.g. using emergency call boxes) Avoid equipment in which children can fall into areas not easily reached by rescue personnel Provide benches for supervisors that afford good visibility of allk playground areas to facilitate noticing when children are injured Ensure funding for adequate emergency personnel appropriately equipped to deal with pediatric emergencies

Haddon’s Model in a Theoretical Context Ruang lingkup sosial-ekologi yang diciptakan oleh Urie BronfenBrenner dalam konteks pemahaman perkembangan manusia, sesuai dengan cara pandang kesmas seperti yang diadopsi oleh Gordon, Gibson, dan Haddon dan yang lainnya dalam konteks injury. Teori sosial – ekologi oleh BronfenBrenner  level dari lingkungan sosial  menggambarkan faktor interpersonal, intrapersonal, elemen institusional dan elemen budaya.

Haddon’s Model in a Theoretical Context (Lanjutan) Faktor Intrapersonel: bayi memiliki perilaku serba ingin tahu dan mengeksplornya dengan menyentuh, merasakan; remaja kecenderungan untuk mengambil risiko dan cenderung pada pengaruh teman sekelompoknya. Faktor Interpersonel: dihasilkan dari interaksi antara 2 orang Elemen institusional: mencerminkan multiple organization dimana terdapat fungsi individu, mis: sekolah, workplaces. Elemen budaya: nilai sosial dan norma, seperti kebijakan pemerintah

Integrasi model kesmas dengan model sosial-ekologi oleh Bronfenbrenner Cultural Physical & Social Environments Institutional Intrapersonel Interpersonal Vector Agent (Energy) Person Vehicles

Dr. Haddon … whose legacy continues to expand and enrich our field… Thank you.