DASAR-DASAR PROBLEM SOLVING

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DASAR-DASAR PROBLEM SOLVING

SOAL 1 Hitunglah hasilnya 4 – 4 + 4 : 4 = ….

SOAL 2 Hitunglah hasilnya 97126085 × 68214397

SOAL 3 Bagaimana cara Yoga menyusun empat angka 4 untuk menghasilkan ekspresi yang hasilnya 1?

SOAL 4 Hitunglah

SOAL BIASA (EXERCISE) An exercise is a question that test our mastery of a narrowly focused technique, usually one that was recently covered. Exercise may be hard or easy, but they are never puzzling, for it is always immediately clear how to proceed. Getting the solution may involve hairy technical work, but the path towards solution is always apparent. Contoh: Soal 1 & 2

MASALAH (PROBLEM) A problem is a question that cannot be answered immediately. Problems are often open-ended, paradoxical and sometimes unsolvable, and require investigation before one come close to a solution. Contoh: Soal 3 & 4

CIRI MASALAH Suatu pertanyaan akan menjadi masalah hanya jika pertanyaan itu menunjukkan adanya suatu tantangan yang tidak dapat dipecahkan oleh suatu prosedur rutin yang sudah diketahui si pemecah masalah

PROSES PEMECAHAN MASALAH Proses mengaplikasikan pengetahuan yang sudah pernah diperoleh sebelumnya ke dalam situasi yang baru dan belum dikenal

TAHAPAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH Memahami masalah (understand the problem) Merencanakan cara/strategi penyelesaian (plan a strategy for solving problem) Melaksanakan strategi (execute your strategy, and revise it if necessary) Menafsirkan hasil/mengecek kembali (check and interpret your result)

STEP 1: UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM Read the problem carefully! If it helps, read it aloud Record the quantities and conditions that are given Identify the unknowns. Exactly what is to be determined? What do you know that is not stated in the problem? Draw a picture or diagram to help you organize the informationand visualize the problem If possible, restate the problem in different ways to clarify it Have you seen a similar problem before? If so, how is this problem similar? How is it different?

STEP 2: PLAN A STRATEGY Try to think of a similar or related problem How have you solved similar problems in the past? What strategies do you know? Try a strategy that seems as if it will work If it doesn’t, it may lead you to one that will Map out your strategy with a flow chart or diagram Identify the appropriate analytical or computational tools needed for the solution

STEP 3: EXECUTE YOUR STRATEGY Use the strategy you selected and work the problem Keep an organized written record of your work, which will be helpful if revisions are needed Double-check each step so that you do not propagate errors to the end of the solution Asses your strategy as you work, if you find a flaw, return to Step 2 an revise your strategy

STEP 4: CHECK AND INTERPRET YOUR RESULT Reread the question Did your answer the question asked? Be sure that your result makes sense, for example, check that it has the expected units and that numerical values are sensible Recheck your calculations, or find an independent way of checking the result Check the consistency of the result by considering special or limiting cases Write the solution clearly and concisely

STRATEGI PEMECAHAN MASALAH Mencoba-coba secara sistematis Memperagakan Membuat gambar/diagram Membuat tabel/daftar sistematis Menemukan pola Menyelesaikan masalah secara per bagian Memikirkan masalah lain yang serupa Menyelesaikan hal yang lebih sederhana Bergerak dari belakang Membuat model matematika

JENIS MASALAH Masalah soal cerita (word problem) Masalah dalam bentuk simbol (symbolic form) Masalah non rutin (puzzle dan logika) Masalah dalam dunia nyata (real world problem) Masalah investigasi (investigative problem)

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PROSES PEMECAHAN MASALAH Cognitive factors Logical ability Analytical ability Spatial ability Computational skill Reading ability Memory

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PROSES PEMECAHAN MASALAH Affective factors Stress Pressure Interest Motivation Perseverance Resistance to premature closure Anxiety to perform Tolerance for ambiguity

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PROSES PEMECAHAN MASALAH Experience factors Age Previous math background Familiarity with solution strategies Familiarity with problem context and content

CARA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH Memulai dari masalah yang sederhana Memberikan masalah berupa open-ended problem dan investigasi Menggunakan sebanyak mungkin strategi pemecahan masalah yang relevan Mencari kesesuaian antara kemampuan berpikir dan strategi pemecahan masalah Memberikan kesempatan yang cukup untuk memformulasikan dan memecahkan masalah, kemudian mencoba untuk menyelesaikan dengan cara lain Menggunakan pemodelan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis proses berpikir Memberikan kesempatan untuk merefleksikan dan mengklarifikasi serta melihat kembali kemungkinan lain, mengatakan dengan bahasa sendiri dan mencoba untuk mencari strategi pemecahan masalah yang lebih baik Memperbolehkan untuk berekspresi dengan maksud untuk memperkuat konseptualisasi dan pengembangan dari kebiasaan berpikir kritis

CIRI-CIRI PEMECAH MASALAH YANG BAIK Mampu mengerti konsep dan istilah matematika Mampu mengetahui persamaan, perbedaan dan analogi Mampu untuk mengidentifikasi elemen terpenting dan memilih prosedur yang benar Mampu mengetahui hal yang tidak berkaitan Mampu menaksir dan menganalisis Mampu memvisualisasikan dan menginterpretasikan kuantitas atau ruang Mampu untuk membuat perumuman berdasarkan beberapa contoh Mampu untuk berganti metode dan strategi yang telah diketahui Mempunyai kepercayaan diri yang cukup dan merasa senang terhadap materinya