Page 1 1. INTRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH © 2010 by Yusniar Hanani D, STP, MKes.

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Page 1 1. INTRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH © 2010 by Yusniar Hanani D, STP, MKes

Page 2 The environment is not something ‘out there’ We eat the environment We drink the environment We breath the environment We cannot destroy the environment without destroying ourselves Denis Hayes (2002)

Page 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.Mampu menjelaskan bagaimana masalah kesehatan lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi hidup kita 2.Mampu menjelaskan dampak potensial pertumbuhan populasi terhadap lingkungan 3.Mampu mendefinisikan kesehatan lingkungan 4.Mampu menyebutkan minimal 5 isu penting dalam sejarah kesehatan lingkungan 5.Mampu mengidentifikasi isu-isu penting kesehatan lingkungan

Page 4 PEMELIHARAAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN MERUPAKAN TUGAS UTAMA YANG MENDESAK DI ABAD 21 HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 (US Gov.) Number 8 Environmental Health : Promote Health for All through a Healthy Environment

Page 5 Ligkungan fisik dan sosial memainkan peran penting bagi kesehatan individu dan masyarakat. Lingkungan fisik mencakup udara, air dan tanah dimana paparan oleh agen- agen kimia, biologis dan fisik kemungkingan terjadi. Lingkungan sosial meliputi perumahan, transportasi, perkembangan daerah perkotaan, penggunaan lahan, kegiatan industri dan pertanian, dan akibat paparan seperti stress akibat kerja, kecelakaan dan kekerasan Berdasarkan Healthy People 2010 :

Page 6 Masyarakat Indonesia di masa depan yang ingin dicapai melalui pembangunan kesehatan adalah masyarakat, bangsa dan negara yang ditandai oleh penduduknya hidup dalam lingkungan dan dengan perilaku yang sehat, memiliki kemampuan untuk menjangkau pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu secara adil dan merata, serta memiliki derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya diseluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia. Visi Indonesia Sehat 2010 (Dep.Kes,1999)

Page 7 menciptakan lingkungan yang udaranya aman untuk dihirup, airnya aman untuk diminum dan tanahnya baik untuk ditanami dan bebas dari racun, limbah dikelola secara efektif, penyakit infeksi dikendalikan dan habitat alami terpelihara Melindungi lingkungan

Page 8 “ … the three P’s : pollution, population and poverty are principal determinants of health worldwide… kesehatan lingkungan ( Winkelstein, W. Determinants of worldwide health. Am.J.Public Health, 1992; 82: )

Page 9 SIGNIFIKANSI LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP KESEHATAN MANUSIA estimasi menyatakan bahwa biaya yang disebabkan oleh kematian karena faktor-faktor lingkungan di seluruh dunia ± 40%

Page 10 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK TRANSITION Transisi risiko lingkungan digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan perubahan-perubahan risiko lIngkungan yang terjadi sebagai suatu konsekuensi dari pertumbuhan ekonomi di bagian dunia yang kurang maju.

Page 11 Pada masyarakat miskin, risiko rumah tangga yang disebabkan oleh kualitas makanan, udara dan air yang buruk cenderung mendominasi. Risiko utama yang ada di negara berkembang saat ini didominasi oleh jenis ini; diare yang diakibatkan oleh hygiene / sanitasi/air yang buruk, penyakit saluran pernafasan akut karena perumahan yang buruk dan kualitas udara dalam ruang yang disebabkan bahan bakar rumah tangga berkualitas rendah, dan malaria yang juga disebabkan oleh kualitas rumah yang tidak memenuhi syarat kesehatan, meskipun semua itu juga dipengaruhi oleh factor-faktor lain (contoh : malnutrisi). Selain itu, tren baru juga terjadi dalam skala regional dan global dengan adanya polutan jangka panjang dan dalam jangkauan yang luas, seperti pemicu hujan asam, bahan kimia penyebab berlubangnya lapisan ozon dan gas-gas rumah kaca. KARAKTERISTIK TRANSISI RISIKO LINGKUNGAN

Page 12 HOMO SAPIENS – A SUICIDAL SPECIES ? Largely as a result of human action, profound changes are occurring in our environment… The basic cause of almost all of these problems is the world’s large ang growing human population, which consume so much energy and produces such large quantities of toxic wastes … Environmental changes, if accompanied by economic and political instability, could lead to the collapse of the organized health services. In an era of scarcities of food, water and other resources, and of a threat to survival, priorities should be reassessed

Page 13

Page 14 DEFINISI LINGKUNGAN : From the standpoint of the human body, there are two environments: the one within the body and the one outside it. Separating them are three principal protective barriers: the skin, which protects the body from contaminants outside the body; the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which protects the inner body from contaminants that have been ingested; and the membranes within the lungs, which protect the inner body from contaminants that have been inhaled (Figure 1.2, Table 1.1).

Page 15 people’s “personal” environment, the one over which they have control, is contrasted with the working or ambient (outdoor) environment, over which they may have essentially no Control. PERSONAL VS AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT

Page 16 THE GASEOUS, LIQUID & SOLID ENVIRONMENTS The environment can also be considered as existing in one of three forms—gaseous, liquid, or solid. Each of these is subject to pollution, and people interact with all of them

Page 17

Page 18 the chemical, biological, physical, and socioeconomic environments 1.Chemical constituents and contaminants include toxic wastes and pesticides in the general environment, chemicals used in the home and in industrial operations, and preservatives used in foods 2. Biological contaminants include various disease organisms that may be present in food and water, those that can be transmitted by insects and animals, and those that can be transmitted by person-to- person contact.

Page Physical factors that influence health and well-being range from injuries and deaths caused by accidents to excessive noise, heat, and cold and to the harmful effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation 4. Socioeconomic factors, though perhaps more difficult to measure and evaluate, significantly affect people’s lives and health. Statistics demonstrate compelling relationships between morbidity and mortality and socioeconomic status. People who live in economically depressed neighborhoods are less healthy than those who live in more affluent areas.

Page 20 URBAN ENVIRONMENT  about half of the world’s population lives in urban centers  this is projected to increase to 60 percent within the next 20 years, with a major share of the change occurring within the less developed countries (Bugliarello, 2001).  Unfortunately, the quality of life in cities throughout the world has been declining

Page 21 DEFINISI KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN the control of all those factors in man’ s physical environment which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health and survival the branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health

Page 22 It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health

Page 23 Pertanyaan 1.Jelaskan istilah berikut : a. kesehatan lingkungan b. Transisi risiko lingkungan c. Transisi epidemiologi 2. Deskripsikan 3 P yang merupakan determinan utama kesehatan 3. Bab 1 mendiskusikan tentang bagaimana paparan lingkungan mempengaruhi kehidupan kita sehari-hari. a. Diskusikan jenis-jenis masalah kesehatan lingkungan yang ada di komunitas Anda

Page 24 b. Review dan simpulkan minimal 3 artikel tentang kesehatan lingkungan yang Anda baca di suratkabar dalam seminggu terakhir. Apakah artikel tersebut relevan dengan komunitas yang Anda tinggali ? c. Mengapa memelihara kualitas lingkungan penting bagi kesehatan manusia ?

Page Jelaskan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhi ukuran populasi. Sebutkan negara atau wilayah yang mengalami penurunan populasi atau tetap. Sebutkan pula negara yang diprediksi mengalami peningkatan populasi terbesar. 5. Sebutkan dan jelaskan isu kesehatan lingkungan saat ini yang menurtut Anda paling besar dampaknya terhadap kesehatan.

Page 26 REFERENSI Friis, R.H Essentials of Environmental Health. Jones and Bartlett Pub., Massachusetts. Moeller, D.W., Environmental Health. Harvard University Press, London.