Human Movement irfan

Gerak Dan Fungsi Kualitas kemampuan fungsional Manusia sepanjang daur hidupnya tidak terlepas dari proses gerak. Mikroskopik (gerak pada tingkatan intra sel)  gerak aktual Kemampuan gerak dan keterampilan  proses pembelajaran atau adaptasi Kualitas kemampuan fungsional Fisik (physical), sosial ( social ), emosi ( emotional ) dan mental (mental).

Pemahaman tentang gerak fungsional (functional movement) Fungsi  Aktivitas (fungsi-fungsi) Fungsional

Hubungan Fungsional dan Kesehatan. ICIDH Model Disease Impairment Disability Handicap Pathology Difficulty perfoming routine tasks Social disadvantage of disability Alteration of Structur and function Significant functional limitation; can,t perform expected tasks Nagi Model Disease Functional Limitation Impairment Disability Handicap

MOVEMENT AROUSAL ATTENTION AWAKENESS MOTIVATION SAFETY SENSORY =INFORMATION =VISION, AUDITORY TACTILE, CUTANEOUS PROPRIOCEPTIVE PERCEPTUAL –COGNITIVE PROCESS FEEDBACK FEEDFORWARD BIOMECHANIC ALIGNMENT/MIDLINE BODY SCHEME MUSCLE PROPERTIES

Components of Normal Movement Appropriate postural tonus selective movement Patterns of movement

Appropriate postural tonus Muscle tone Tension or resistance in a muscle that may be present in resting muscle or may be the resistance to passive elongation or stretch(Hoppenfeld & Zeide 1994).

Normal Postural Tone It must be high enough to resist gravity, but should be low enough to give way to movement.

Selective movement Means isolated, chosen movement of one joint or segment based on stability through appropriate muscle activity

ASPEK NEUROFISIOLOGI PADA GERAK MANUSIA

IDEATION MOTIVATION PROGRAMMING AREAS CEREBELLUM DEEP NUCLEI Sm Ms VESTIBULAR SYSTEM BASAL GANGLIA BRAIN STEM SPINAL CORD SPECIFIC RECEPTOR NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM 4/12/2017

PERCEPTUAL - MOTOR INTEGRATION MODEL INPUT OUTPUT PROCESSING ORGANISATION MEMORY EXPERIENCES (past / present) INTERPRETATION Planning & executing a response : - motor - behaviour Taking in information from senses : - internal - external Cognitive processing FEEDBACK / FEEDFORWARD critical to learning & adaption of new experiences reinforces observable behaviour provides new input internal / external

Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) merupakan kumpulan neuron atau sirkuit neurologis yang dapat melakukan koordinasi gerakan secara umum, ritmik dan otomatik

THE SPINAL CORD CONTAINS PROGRAMMES OF MOVEMENT CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS (CPG) GROUPS OF CELLS THAT PRODUCE AUTOMATIC PATTERNS OF MOVEMENT CONTAIN PACEMAKER CELLS THAT SET THE TIMING AND RHYTHM OF MOVEMENT

Central Pattern Generators A grouping of neurons or neural circuits that can generate coordinated, rhythmic movements autonomously. It contributes to various vertebrate motor acts including mastication, respiration and locomotion etc.

Central Pattern Generator Spinal cat-transected spinal cord rhythmic altering contaction Half-center model (Brown, 1911) Stimulate the mesencephalic locomotor region, MLR (Shink, 1996)

Plastisitas Sistem Saraf Plastisitas otak (neuroplasticity) adalah kemampuan otak melakukan reorganisasi dalam bentuk adanya interkoneksi baru pada saraf. Plastisitas merupakan sifat yang menunjukkan kapasitas otak untuk berubah dan beradabtasi terhadap kebutuhan fungsional.

Contoh plastisitas Plastisitas : + ? atau - ?

Diaschisis (neural shock) Unmasking Reorganisasi sistem saraf dapat terjadi dalam beberapa bentuk sebagai berikut : Diaschisis (neural shock) Unmasking Merupakan proses yang dapat terjadi antara lain : Denervation supersensitivity Silent synapses recruitment Sprouting Axonal regeneration Collateral sprouting

Ipsilateral motor pathway 이 환자는 왼쪽 대뇌 절제술을 받은 환자로 왼쪽 뇌가 거의 없음 , 그러나 오른쪽 상지에서 어느 정도의 움직임이 보임.. 연구 결과 1a는 정상쪽 손의 움직임에서 나타난 결과, 1b는 환측 손을 움직였음때의 결과로 환측인 오른손의 움직임은 오른쪽 뇌에서 활성도가 나타남.. 따라서, 동측 뇌에서 움직임을 위한 역할을 대신함.. 연구의 초창기 이러한 동측성 운동 경로의 활성화는 의미잇는 결과로 해석했지만, 현재 이러한 패턴의 신경회복은 예후가 좋지 않음…

Secara skematik kerusakan CNS dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut CNS Lesion Abnormal postural tone Effort Abnormal quality of movement Abnormal sensory feedback and feedforward Abnormal quality of movement Compensation Abnormal postural tone

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