PROJECT SCHEDULING AND TRACKING Nur Cahyo Wibowo

What is it? You’ve selected an appropriate process model, You’ve identified the software engineering tasks that have to be performed, You estimated the amount of work and the number of people, You now the deadline, You’ve even considered the risks. Now you have to create a network of software engineering tasks that will enable you to get the job done on time. Assign responsibility for each task, make sure it gets done, and adapt the network as risks become reality.

Why is it important? In order to build a complex system, many software engineering tasks occur in parallel, and the result of work performed during one task may have a profound effect on work to be conducted in another task. These interdependencies are very difficult to understand without a schedule. lt’s also virtually impossible to assess progress on a moderate or large software project without a detailed schedule.

Beberapa Penyebab Software Terlambat Deadline yang tidak realistis yang diberikan seseorang diluar grup pengembangan PL dan dipaksakan pada manajer dan pelaksana group. Perubahan keinginan customer yang tidak nampak dlm jadwal Perkiraan yang tidak tepat mengenai jumlah effort dan resource yang diperlukan dalam pekerjaan tersebut. Resiko baik yang bisa diprediksi maupun yang tidak bisa diprediksi tidak dipertimbangkan pada saat proyek disetujui Kesulitan teknis yang tidak bisa diprediksi. Kesulitan manusia yang tidak bisa diprediksi. Kurang komunikasi antara staf proyek. Kegagalan manajemen proyek untuk mengenal kegagalan penjadwalan dan terlambatnya penanganan.

Basic Principles Software project scheduling is an activity that distributes estimated effort across the planned project duration by allocating the effort to specific software engineering tasks.

During early stages of project planning, a macroscopic schedule is developed. This type of schedule identifies all major software engineering activities and the product functions to which they are applied. As the project gets under way, each entry on the macroscopic schedule is refined into a detailed schedule. Here, specific software tasks (required to accomplish an activity) are identified and scheduled.

Software Project Scheduling Guide (1) Compartmentalization. The project must be compartmentalized into a number of manageable activities and tasks (decomposed) Interdependency. The interdependency of each compartmentalized activity or task must be determined. Time allocation. Each task to be scheduled must be allocated some number of work units (e.g., person-days of effort). Each task must be assigned a start date and a completion date. Effort validation. Every project has a defined number of staff members. Defined responsibilities. Every task that is scheduled should be assigned to a specific team member.

Software Project Scheduling Guide (2) Defined outcomes. Every task that is scheduled should have a defined outcome. (e.g., the design of a module) Defined milestones. Every task or group of tasks should be associated with a project milestone. A milestone is accomplished when one or more work products has been reviewed for quality (Chapter 8) and has been approved.

Hubungan Orang – Upaya "If we fall behind schedule, we can always add more programmers and catch up later in the project." Unfortunately, adding people late in a project often has a disruptive effect on the project, causing schedules to slip even further. The people who are added must learn the system, and the people who teach them are the same people who were doing the work. While teaching, no work is done, and the project falls further behind.

Contoh Ilustrasi Misal ada 4 orang software engineer, masing-masing mampu menghasilkan 5000 LOC/tahun pada saat bekerja pada sebuah proyek tunggal. Pada saat 4 engineer ditempatkan pada sebuah proyek tim terdapat 6 jalur komunikasi yang memungkinkan. Masing-masing jalur komunikasi memerlukan waktu pengembangan sendiri. Diasumsikan produktifitas tim akan berkurang 250 LOC per tahun untuk masing-masing jalur komunikasi.  Oleh sebab itu produktifitas tim sekarang adalah : (5000 x 4) – (250 x 6 ) = 18.500 LOC / tahun. Berarti kurang 7.5% dari yang diharapkan.

Rumus Empiris Sebuah proyek software diestimasi pada 33.000 LOC, 12 person-years. Jika ada delapan orang yang ditunjuk dalam tim proyek tsb maka proyek bisa diselesaikan dalam waktu 1,3 tahun. Akan tetapi jika kita memperpanjang tanggal selesainya menjadi 1,75 tahun maka berdasar rumus diatas : E = L3 / (P3 t4) ~ 3,8 person-years.

Project Types Concept development that are initiated to explore some new business concept or application of some new technology. New application development that are undertaken as a consequence of a specific customer request. Application enhancement that occur when existing software undergoes major modifications to function, performance, or interfaces that are observable by the end-user. Application maintenance that correct, adapt, or extend existing software in ways that may not be immediately obvious to the end-user. Reengineering that are undertaken with the intent of rebuilding an existing (legacy) system in whole or in part.

DEFINING A TASK NETWORK A task network, also called an activity network, is a graphic representation of the task flow for a project. It is sometimes used as the mechanism through which task sequence and dependencies are input to an automated project scheduling tool. In its simplest form (used when creating a macroscopic schedule), the task network depicts major software engineering tasks.

Tasks Network Example

Contoh Time Line Chart

Contoh Tabel Proyek

Cara Pelacakan Jadwal Conducting periodic project status meetings in which each team member reports progress and problems. Evaluating the results of all reviews conducted throughout the software engineering process. Determining whether formal project milestones (the diamonds) have been accomplished by the scheduled date. Comparing actual start-date to planned start-date for each project task listed in the resource table (Figure 7.5). Meeting informally with practitioners to obtain their subjective assessment of progress to date and problems on the horizon.

The Software Project Plan Is produced at the culmination of the planning tasks. It provides baseline cost and scheduling information that will be used throughout the software process. The Software Project Plan is a relatively brief document that is addressed to a diverse audience. It must (1) communicate scope and resources to software management, technical staff, and the customer; (2) define risks and suggest risk aversion techniques; (3) define cost and schedule for management review; (4) provide an overall approach to software development for all people associated with the project; and (5) outline how quality will be ensured and change will be managed.