Knowledge Capture & Codification

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Capturing & Codification of Knowledge
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Knowledge Capture & Codification Lesson #4 Friday, 1 April, 2011

Tahap pertama dalam siklus KM Terintegrasi Menangkap atau mengekstrak pengetahuan tacit Mengorganisir atau mengkodekan pengetahuan explicit Perlu dibedakan antara menangkap/identifikasi pengetahuan yang ada dengan penciptaan pengetahuan yang baru

Model Siklus Terintegrasi ga

Matrix Known - Unknown Information sources Know that we know Know that we don’t know know User Awareness unknown Don’t know that we know Don’t know that we don’t know

Memori Organisasi Setiap organisasi memiliki memori yang terdiri dari pengalaman para karyawan serta data dan pengetahuan tangible Pengetahuan mempresebtasikan intelektual yang dapat memberikan nilai apabila disirkulasikan Sebagai competitive advantage harus dilindungi , dikembangkan dan dibagikan ke semua anggota organisasi. Pengetahuan organisasi menjadi komplemen pengetahuan sehingga lebih kuat dan luas

Tacit Knowledge Management Proses penangkapan pengalaman dan kepakaran individual di dalam organisasi dan membuatnya tersedia bagi yang membutuhkan Sulit untuk menangkap pengetahuan, khususnya pengetahuan tacit

Penangkapan pengetahuan Tacit Penciptaan atau penangkapan pengetahuan mungkin dilakukan oleh individual atau kelompok yang bekerja pada organisasi Pengetahuan yang tidak disertakan dalam memori organisasi perusahaan tidak akan dapat mengatur pengetahuan yang dimiliki individu dalam organisasi

Instituonalize Knowledge Model Pembelajaran Organisasi 4l FEED FORWARD Intuiting Attending individual Interpret Experimenting Integrate FEED BACK group Instituonalize Knowledge organization

Tacit Knowledge Capture Techniques Berasal dari teknik yang biasa digunakan dalam kecerdasan buatan , khususnya sistem pakar Sistem Pakar menggabungkan pengetahuan yang dikumpulkan dari para “expert” dan dirancang untuk melakukan sebagaimana expert lakukan Beberapa teknik akuisisi pengetahuan : Wawancara Kuisioner Survei Observasi Simulasi

contoh : reporter , jurnalis, penulis dan system analyst Penangkapan Pengetahuan Tacit pada Level Individu dan Kelompok Transfer dan transformasi kepakaran yang berharga dari sumber pengetahuan (pakar , dokumen) menjadi gudang pengetahuan (intranet, corporate memory) contoh : reporter , jurnalis, penulis dan system analyst Dapat Menggunakan grafik ataupun formula matematis

Procedural Knowledge How to do things How to make decisions Is a knowledge of : How to do things How to make decisions How to diagnose How to prescribe More on to “how”

Declarative Knowledge Pengetahuan yang bersifat deskriptif, untuk mengetahui mengenai sesuatu hal More on to “what” Procedural Knowledge <> Declarative Knowledge

Knowledge Engineers Menganalisis alur informasi dan pengetahuan Melakukan tugas untuk menangkap pengetahuan tacit , seperti : Menganalisis alur informasi dan pengetahuan Bekerja dengan pakar untuk mendapat informasi Merancang dan mengimplementasi sistem knowledge management atau knowledge repository

Subject Matter Experts Harus dapat memiliki kemampuan sebagai berikut : Explaint important knowledge & know how Be Introspective & patient Have effective communication skills

Learning by observation Knowledge Acquisition Tiga bentuk pendekatan akuisisi pengetahuan dari individu dan kelompok : Interviewing expert Learning by being told Learning by observation

Interviewing Experts 2 teknik yang umum digunakan untuk optimalisasi interview dengan pakar : Structures interviewing Stories

Interviewing Experts Structures Interview Paraphrasing restating of the perceived meaning of the speaker’s message using your own words The goal is to check the accuracy with which message was conveyed and understood Example : “what I believe you said was ..”

Interviewing Experts Structures Interview Clarifying lets the expert know that the message was not immediately understable These responses encourage the expert to elaborate or clarify the original message so that the interviewer gets a better idea of the intended message Example : I don’t Understand …”

Interviewing Experts Structures Interview Summarizing helps the interviewer compile discrete pieces of information and form a knowledge acquisition into a meaningful whole It also helps confirm that the experts message was heard and understood correctly Example : “What I’ve heard from you so far “

Interviewing Experts Structures Interview Reflecting feelings mirror back to the speaker the feelings that seem to have been comunicated the focus is on emotions, attitudes, reaction not the content The purpose is to clear the air of some emotional reaction or negative impact of the message Example : You seem frustated about ….

Interviewing Experts Stories Story  the telling of a happening or a connected series of happenings whether true or fictitious Narrative  not just about telling, constructing or even eliciting stories, it’s about allowing the patterns of culture, behaviour, and understanding that are revealed by stories to emerge

Interviewing Experts Stories Organizational story  detailed narrative of past management actions, employee interactions, or other key events that have occurred and that have been communicated informally

Interviewing Experts Stories Knowledge sharing stories need to be authentic, believable, compelling and concise so that the moral of the story or the organizational lessons to be learned can be easily understood, remembered, and acted upon

Learning by Being Told The interviewee expresses and refines his/her knowledge and at the same time, the knowledge manager clarifies and validates the knowledge artifact that renders this knowledge in explicit form Example : Task Analysis Process tracing Protocol Analysis Simulations

Learning by observation Two types of expertise : Skill or motor based  physical Cognitive  non physical Expertise is a demonstration of the application of knowledge Involves presenting the expert with a sample problem, case study to be solved

Tacit Knowledge Capture at the Organizational Level Proses Akuisisi Pengetahuan pada organisasi : Grafting  migration of knowledge between firms (merger, akuisisi) Vicarious learning  one firm observes other firm’s demonstration of techniques or procedure (benchmarking studies) Experiental Learning  knowledge acquisition within firm;knowledge created by doing & practicing Inferential processes  interpretation of events, states,changes and outcomes relative to the activities undertaken & decision made

Explicit Knowledge Codification By Converting knowledge into a tangible, explicit form such as a document, that knowledge can be communicated much more widely and with less cost The issue faced is quality which encompasses : Accuracy Readability/understandability Accessibility Currency Authority/credibilty

Explicit Knowledge Codification Teknik mengkodifikasi pengetahuan eksplisit : Cognitive maps Decision Trees Taksonomi Pengetahuan Analisis Kegiatan

Cognitive Map Representation of a mental model of a person’s knowledge It provides a good form of codification knowledge Mental model is a symbolic or qualitative representation of something in the real word

Sample

Decision Trees Compact & efficient Typically in the form of flowchart with alternate paths indicating the impact of different decisions being made at a juncture point

Sample

Knowledge Taksonomi Concept is the building blocks of knowledge & expertise Taxonomies  basic classifications system that enable us to describe concept & their dependencies in a hierarchical form Knowledge taxonomies enable knowledge to be represented in a graphical form

Sample

Summary : Knowldege capture berkaitan dengan bagaimana mengumpulkan pengetahuan- pengetahuan yang sudah ada di organisasi sebelumnya, termasuk juga dengan pembuatan pengetahuan baru Knowledge codification berkaitan dengan bagaimana merepresentasikan pengetahuan yang ditangkap/diciptakan tersebut kedalam bentuk yang dapat dieksplisitkan guna proses selanjutnya di siklus KM Konsep Organisasi Pembelajar memiliki peran penting, dimana knowledge dikembangkan dari level individu, grup hingga organisasi yang telah diinstitusionalkan.

Summary : Bagaimana cara menangkap tacit knowledge yang ada sehingga dapat dikodifikasikan ke dalam bentuk eksplisit dan disebarluaskan ke lingkup organisasi. Teknik atau metoda yang digunakan untuk menangkap tacit knowledge antara lain adalah dengan melakukan wawancara, kuisioner,survei , observasi dan simulasi. Untuk kodifikasi, terdapat beberapa teknik yang dapat digunakan untuk memetakan pengetahuan eksplisit antara lain : Cognitive map Decision Tree Knowledge taxonomies Task Analysis

This is the end of today’s lecture Thank you ! This is the end of today’s lecture