Research Design (Cont). Jenis Perancangan Riset Jenis perancangan mana yg akan digunakan ? Peneliti perlu memikirkan tentang apa yang mereka inginkan.

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Research Design (Cont)

Jenis Perancangan Riset Jenis perancangan mana yg akan digunakan ? Peneliti perlu memikirkan tentang apa yang mereka inginkan (tujuan/objective dari riset mereka) - Apakah ingin tahu bagaimana dua (atau lebih) variabel saling berelasi ? - Dapat digunakan correlational design - Apakah ingin tahu efek (akibat) dari satu variabel terhadap variabel yg lainnya ? - Dapat digunakan experimental design - Apakah ingin tahu lebih dalam dan lebih detail dari suatu fenomena ? Case studies design dapat dilakukan

Correlational Design (CD) Apa yg diperlukan untuk melakukan CD Pada setiap riset paling tidak diperlukan dua variabel. Untuk melihat korelasinya, peneliti dapat menggunakan paket statistik untuk mendapatkan koefisien korelasi antar variabel tsb. Koefisien Korelasi Merupakan nilai dari –1 s.d. +1

Koefisien Korelasi Menggambarkan: Direksi (arah) korelasi antar dua variabel Jika nilai koefisien korelasi antara 0 s.d. +1 mengindikasikan hubungan yg positif, dimana peningkatan satu variabel menyebabkan variabel yg lain meningkat pula Jika nilai koefisien korelasi antara -1 s.d. 0 mengindikasikan hubungan yg negatif, dimana peningkatan satu variabel menyebabkan penurunan pada variabel yg lain Magnitudo (kekuatan) antara dua variabel tsb Nilai koefisien yg mendekati 1 baik pos/neg mengindikasikan bahwa tingkat relasi/hubungan antar variabel tsb semakin kuat

Koefisien Korelasi

Experimental Design (ED) Apa yg diperlukan dalam ED ? ED yg sederhana membutuhkan paling tidak dua variabel dan dua grup peserta yg diobservasi Dua variabel  Independent & Dependent Dua grup  experimental & control Manipulasi independent variabel dilakukan pada experimental grup, pada control grup tidak dilakukan manipulasi IV

IV VERSUS DV: EXAMPLE In our example, the hypothesis states that teacher responses should promote or undermine children's engagement in the classroom. In an experimental design, the researcher would manipulate the IV (i.e., teacher responses) to study it's effect on the DV (i.e., children's engagement). Ethically, manipulation of teacher responses in a natural environment cannot be done: a simulated classroom in a laboratory could however be an option.

Experimental Design In our example of teachers' responses and children's engagement, we could design an experiment where we study the effects (cause) of teachers' POSITIVE responses on children's engagement (note this would not be an ethical study and is only used hypothetically here). The steps are listed below: 1. (Randomly) select 50 children and their teachers from a population of 500 4th graders at Lincoln Elementary School 2. (Randomly) assign 25 of the children to the experimental group and 25 to the control group 3. Manipulate the IV (teacher's positive responses) in the experimental group, but not the control group 4. Compare the results (an independent sample t-test would work here) on the DV (children's engagement) 5. If there is a difference between the two groups, we can conclude that teacher's positive responses to children's behavior has a direct effect (cause) on children's engagement

Case Studies Merupakan strategi riset yang melibatkan investigasi empirik terhadap fenomena tertentu Case dapat berupa sebuah organisasi, komunitas, kota, negara atau orang Tidak dapat men-generalisasi kasus