MANAJEMEN STRATEGIK Dosen Pengajar Fauzan Asmara

Buku-buku Manajemen Strategik Strategic Management, Pearce & Robinson Strategic Management, Hill & Jones Strategic Management, A. Hitt ; ireland; Hoskisson Managing the Strategy Process, Cakravarthy Concept of Strategic Management, Fred R. David Strategic Management, Arnold C. Hax Strategic Management, Concept and Casas, Arthur Thompson Manajemen Strategik, Suwarsono

The Nature and Value of Strategic Management (Hakekat dan Manfaat Manajemen Strategik)

The History of Strategic Management 􀂾 Basic Financial Management - to meet the budget, 􀂾 Forecast based planning – predict the future, 􀂾 Externally oriented planning – think strategically, 􀂾 Strategic management – create the future.

Strategic Management Is defined as the set of decisions and actions that result in the formulation and implementation of strategic designed to achieve a company’s objectives

Dimensi- dimensi Keputusan Strategik Membutuhkan keputusan manajemen puncak. Membutuhkan alokasi sumber daya perusahaan dalam skala besar. Mempengaruhi kesejahteraan perush dalam jangka panjang Berorientasi kemasa depan Mempunyai konsekuensi multifungsional/ multibisnis Harus mempertimbangkan lingkungan eksternal

3 Tingkatan Manajemen Strategik Corporate Level (Dewan Direksi, Presdir) - Merumuskan visi dan misi perusahaan - Analisis internal dan eksternal - Analisis pilihan-pilihan strategik Business Level (Direktur, Direks, GM) - Menyusun rencana jangka panjang - Merumuskan Grand Strategy Functional Level (Manager) - Menyusun rencana jangka pendek - Merumuskan strategi fungsional dan implementasi

Manfaat Manajemen Strategik Memperkuat kemampuan perusahaan mencegah masalah Formulasi keputusan berdasarkan kelompok menghasilkan pilihan strategi terbaik Mempertinggi motivasi SDM Mengurangi tumpang tindih kegiatan Penolakan terhadap perubahan berkurang

Strategic Management Model COMPANY MISSION What is Posible External Enviraonment Operting Industry And Multinational Analysis COMPANY PROFILE Feed Back What is Desired? Feed Back Strategic Analysis and Choice Long – Term objectives Grand Strategies Policies Annual Objectives Functional Strataegies Institutionalizing the Strategies Legend: Major Impact Minor Impact Control and Evaluation

COMPONENT OF THE MANAGEMENT MODEL Company mission (misi perusahaan) Company profile (profil perusahaan) External environment (lingkungan eksternal) Strategic analysis and choice (analisis dan pilihan strategik) Long-term objectives (sasaran jangka panjang) Grand strategy (strategi umum) Annual objectives (sasaran tahunan) Functional strategies (strategi fungsional) Policies (kebijakan) Institutionalizing the strategy (melembagakan strategi) Control and evaluation (pengendalian dan evaluasi)

3 (tiga) Bentuk Proses Berpikir Berpikir sistem mekanik intuisi Berpikir strategik Bentuk masalah Proses Berpikir pemecahan Optimalisasi lokal atau melihat pohon tidak hutannya Penyusunan kembali elemen- elemen Perubahan atau pergantian bentuk

How The Process of Strategic Decision have been made? Strategic Management How The Process of Strategic Decision have been made? Copyright 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Karunia Allah Kepada Manusia Sebagai Khalifah di muka bumi Architecture of Human Brain Karunia Allah Kepada Manusia Sebagai Khalifah di muka bumi Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

NEURONS TRICELL Sinaps Neutrotransmitter Pyotr Anokhin Manusia memiliki ratusan milyar neuron. Kepandaian tidak ditentukan volume otak, tetapi ditentukan oleh INTERCONECTION antar neuron atau CIRCUIT. TRICELL Sinaps Neutrotransmitter asetilkolin, serotonin, norepinefrin CIRCUIT Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Orang pintar : interconection otak rapat, banyak dan jauh. Neuron berkembang sejak bayi dalam kandungan Setelah lahir berada pada tahap pematangan Exposure stimulus perlu dirancang sejak dini Orang pintar : interconection otak rapat, banyak dan jauh. Orang bodoh: interconection otak renggang, jarang dan pendek. Otak harus mengkonsumsi banyak ilmu agar sehat, awet dan bugar. Copyright, 2005, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

4 LANGKAH MEMBACA untuk MEMICU DAYA KREATIF (JORDAN AYAN) BERJANJILAH untuk MEMBACA secara KREATIF SETIAP HARI MEMBACA secara “NGEMIL” (sedikit demi sedikit) BACALAH SESUATU dari BERAGAM SUMBER BACAAN TERAPKAN APA yang ANDA BACA dalam KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARI

Sisanya dipengaruhi oleh EQ dan SQ KESUKSESAN BISNIS Daniel Goleman, Ph.D Pengaruh IQ hanya 5 - 20% Sisanya dipengaruhi oleh EQ dan SQ Copyright 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Neocortex Otak berfikir dan berbahasa (alam sadar) Brain Mapping Neocortex Otak berfikir dan berbahasa (alam sadar) Limbic Pusat emosi Amigdala Gudang ingatan emosional Pengendali alam sadar Kabel pemicu syaraf Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Alam Bawah Sadar menjalankan super program, menghasilkan out-put : Sukses Bisnis Citra Diri dan Perusahaan Nasib Perusahaan Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Copyright 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc. Gelombang Otak 13 - 30 Herz Beta Sadar 14 7 - 13 Herz Alfa Sadar+relax 7 Theta 3,5 - 7 Herz 1/2 Sadar 4 0,5 - 3,5 Herz Delta tidur Copyright 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Multiple Intelligence Howard Gardner LINGUISTIK MUSIK SPASIAL LOGIKA/MATEMATIS BODILY KINESTETIK INTERPERSONAL INTRAPERSONAL NATURALIS Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Hemisphere of Human Brain logic imaginative SISI EKSPERIMEN SISI RASIONAL analitic intuitive numeric holistic empiric creativity verbal synthesising Strategic plan emotional intrapersonal organize interpersonal control kinestetic sequential music, artistic adversity detail SISI PELINDUNG SISI EMOSIONAL IQ EQ

Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc. KINERJA PUNCAK OTAK Strategic 1O X COHERENCE Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

BAGAIMANA MENGAKTIFKAN ALFA MUSIC ARTISTIC PANORAMIC PICTURE RELIGIOUS RITUAL GOOD ATMOSPHERE JOKE & FUN LOVE Otak Maksimal dlm gelombang Alfa Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Energy and Emotion Robert E. Thayer (California State University) Tense – Energy Calm – Energy Tense – Tiredness Calm - Tiredness Mental & Emotional Overdrive increase EQ (C x E) - (T x F) = M C = Calmness; E = Energy; T = Tension; F = Fatigue

Spiritual Quotient Kemampuan memberi makna puncak spiritual (ultimate meaning) bersumber dari suara hati ilahiah (fitrah) dan menjadikan Tuhan sebagai pusat orbit dan kita senantiasa berada di garis orbit- Nya. Spiritual Experience (Pare-line) Osilasi 40 Herz Copyright, 2005, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

SUARA HATI ILAHIAH dari Pusat Orbit Pengasih sesama Berhati jernih Menguasai diri Cinta Damai Kejujuran Kreatif Pemaaf Murah hati Empati Objektif Berilmu Adil Mensyukuri Bersikap mulia Berhati lapang Kebenaran Komitmen Konsisten Mandiri Inovatif Bersikap terpuji Memiliki skill Enerjik Selalu Menghargai Sinergis Ikhlas Pemberi manfaat Inspirator Estetis Pendelegasi Sabar Dan (ingatlah) ketika Tuhanmu mengeluarkan dari bani Adam keturunannya dari sulbinya, dan Allah mengambil kesaksian terhadap jiwa mereka (seraya berkata): “Bukankah Aku ini Tuhanmu?”. Mereka menjawab: “Betul (Engkau Tuhan kami) kami bersaksi.” Al- A’raaf 172

Copyright, 2005, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc. Jernihkan GOD SPOT ZERO MIND PROCESS Prasangka negatif Prinsip Hidup Pengaruh God Spot Pengalaman Pengaruh Prioritas Pengaruh Copyright, 2005, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Rumus ZMP Bangkitkan “Raksasa tidur” dalam diri Anda 1/0 = ~ Jika Anda ikhlas dan jernih (=0) maka Anda akan mendekati yang Maha Tak Terhingga yaitu Tuhan Bersihkan diri Anda dari Belenggu (Zero Mind Process) Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

ESQ Processing System EQ SQ IQ Orientasi Materialisme Orientasi Spiritualisme Emosi tdk terkendali Emosi terkendali Marah, sedih, cemas Tenang, damai, ikhlas God Spot terbelenggu God Spot terbuka Suara hati bekerja Suara hati tertutup Logika tdk bekerja normal IQ, EQ, SQ terpisah Split personality IQ, EQ, SQ terintegrasi Personality Balance EQ SQ IQ Logika bekerja normal

Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc. 4 tipe Manusia Hasil IQ EQ SQ Low Low Buta Hati High High High Low Koruptor Low Low Petapa High Manusia Paripurna High High High Copyright, 2006, Fauzan Asmara & Associates, Inc.

Management Strategic Comprehensive Strategic Model The External Environment: Opportunities, Threats, Industry Competition, and Competitor Analysis Internal Analysis/Company Profile Fauzan Asmara

Strategic Management Model COMPANY MISSION What is Possible External Environment Operating Industry And Multinational Analysis COMPANY PROFILE Feed Back What is Desired? Feed Back Strategic Analysis and Choice Long – Term objectives Grand Strategies Policies Annual Objectives Functional Strategies Institutionalizing the Strategies Legend: Major Impact Minor Impact Control and Evaluation

The External Environment: Opportunities, Threats, Industry Competition, and Competitor Analysis Michael A. Hitt R. Duane Ireland Robert E. Hoskisson 1

Components of the General Environment Political/Legal Economic Technological Global Demographic Sociocultural Competitive Environment Industry Environment Components of the General Environment 10

Components of the General Environment 10

External Environmental Analysis Scanning Monitoring Forecasting Assessing Identifying early signals of environmental changes and trends Detecting meaning through ongoing observations of environmental changes and trends Developing projections of anticipated outcomes based on monitored changes and trends Determining the timing and importance of environmental changes and trends for firms' strategies and their management 10

Bargaining Power of Suppliers Porter’s Five Forces Model of Competition Threat of New Entrants Threat of New Entrants Bargaining Power of Suppliers Rivalry Among Competing Firms in Industry Bargaining Power of Buyers Threat of Substitute Products 23

Competitor Analysis Identifying the company’s competitor Assessing competitors’ objectives, strategies, strengths, and weaknesses, and reaction patterns Selecting which competitors to attack or avoid 38

The Internal Environment: Resources, Capabilities and Core Competencies Michael A. Hitt R. Duane Ireland Robert E. Hoskisson ©2000 South-Western College Publishing 1

Sustainable Competitive Advantage External Environment What the Firm Might Do? Sustainable Competitive Advantage Internal Environment What the Firm Can Do? 5

SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

The purpose of SWOT Analysis It is an easy-to-use tool for developing an overview of a company’s strategic situation It forms a basis for matching your company’s strategy to its situation

Strengths A STRENGTH is something a company is good at doing or a characteristic that gives it an important capability. Possible Strengths: Name recognition Proprietary technology Cost advantages Skilled employees Loyal Customers

Weaknesses A WEAKNESS is something a company lacks or does poorly (in comparison to others) or a condition that places it at a disadvantage Possible Weaknesses: Poor market image Obsolete facilities Internal operating problems Poor marketing skills

Strengths and Weakness form a basis for INTERNAL analysis By examining strengths, you can discover untapped potential or identify distinct competencies that helped you succeed in the past. By examining weaknesses, you can identify gaps in performance, vulnerabilities, and erroneous assumptions about existing strategies.

Discovering Core Competencies Resources * Tangible Intangible Capabilities Teams of Sources of Core Competencies Competitive Advantage Strategic Competitiveness Above-Average Returns Gained through Core Competencies Discovering Criteria of Sustainable Advantages Valuable Rare Costly to Imitate Nonsubstitutable * 7

Core Competencies What a firm Does... that is Strategically Valuable Core Competencies must be: Valuable Capabilities that either help a firm to exploit opportunities to create value for customers or to neutralize threats in the environment Rare Capabilities that are possessed by few, if any, current or potential competitors Costly to Imitate Capabilities that other firms cannot develop easily, usually due to unique historical conditions, causal ambiguity or social complexity Nonsubstitutable Capabilities that do not have strategic equivalents, such as firm-specific knowledge or trust-based relationships 42

Key Issues of Business-Level Strategy What good or service to offer customers How to manufacture or create the good or service How to distribute the good or service in the marketplace

The Central Role of Customers In selecting a business-level strategy, the firm determines 1. who it will serve? 2. what needs those target customers have that it will satisfy? 3. how those needs will be satisfied ?

Quality Dimensions of Goods & Services Product Quality Dimensions: Perceived quality Subjective assessment of characteristics (product image) Performance Operating characteristics Features Important special characteristics Flexibility Meeting operating specifications over time Durability Amount of use before performance deteriorates Conformance Match with pre-established standards Serviceability Ease and speed of repair or normal service Aesthetics How a product looks and feels 54

Quality Dimensions of Goods & Services Service Quality Dimensions: Timeliness Performed in promised period of time Courtesy Performed cheerfully Consistency Giving all customers similar experiences Convenience Accessibility to customers Completeness Fully serviced, as required Accuracy Performed correctly each time 54

Strategy Implementation Strategies in Action Long-Term Objectives Grand Strategies Strategy Implementation Fauzan Asmara

Nature of Long-Term Objectives Strategies in Action Nature of Long-Term Objectives (Results expected from pursuing certain strategies; time line 2 to 5 years) Quantitative Measurable Realistic Understandable Challenging Hierarchical Obtainable Congruent among organizational units © 2001 Prentice Hall

Nature of Long-Term Objectives Strategies in Action Nature of Long-Term Objectives Objectives are associated with a time line and stated in terms: Growth in assets Growth in sales Profitability Market share HRD Increasing Capability Social responsibility © 2001 Prentice Hall

Nature of Long-Term Objectives Strategies in Action Nature of Long-Term Objectives Objectives are the basis for: Designing jobs Organizing activities Providing direction Organizational synergy Standards for evaluation © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Vertical Integration Strategies Forward integration Backward integration Horizontal integration © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Forward Integration Example Defined General Motors mengakuisisi 10 persen saham dealer Forward Integration Defined Memperoleh kepemilikan atau meningkatkan kendali atas distributor atau dealer © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Forward Integration Grand Strategies Guidelines for Forward Integration Distributor yang ada saat ini mahal, tidak dapat diandalkan, tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan perusahaan Kualitas distributor saat ini terbatas Bila perusahaan bersaing dalam industri yang diharapkan sedang tumbuh Keunggulan berproduksi stabil sangat tinggi Distributor yang ada saat ini memiliki profit margin yang tinggi © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Backward Integration Example Defined Hotel membeli perusahaan biro perjalanan; mebel;etc. Backward Integration Defined Mendapatkan kepemilikian atau meningkatkan kendali atas pemasok © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Backward Integration Grand Strategies Guidelines for Backward Integration Pemasok yang ada saat ini mahal, tidak dapat diandalkan, tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan perusahaan Jumlah pemasok kecil, sedang jumlah pesaing besar Sektor industri tumbuh besar Perusahaan memiliki modal dan sumberdaya untuk mengelola bisnis baru Keunggulan dari harga yang stabil sangat penting Pemasok yang ada mendapatkan profit margin yang tinggi © 2001 Prentice Hall

Horizontal Integration Grand Strategies Horizontal Integration Example Hotel Hilton membeli Hotel Promus Defined Mendapatkan kepemilikan atau mengambil alih perusahaan pesaing © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Horizontal Integration Grand strategies Guidelines for Horizontal Integration Perusahaan dapat memperoleh monopoli tanpa menentang aturan yang berlaku Bersaing di industri yang sedang tumbuh Meningkatnya skala ekonomi memberikan keunggulan bersaing yang besar Ada keraguan tidak memiliki kehlian managerial atau membutuhkan sumberdaya khusus © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Intensive Strategies Market penetration Market development Product development © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Market Penetration Example Defined Unilever membelanjakan uang untuk iklan TV sebesar 1.2 Trilyun sepanjang tahun 2005 Defined Meningkatkan pangsa pasar dengan produk dan jasa yang ada pada pasar yang ada dengan usaha-usaha pemasaran © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Market Penetration Grand Strategies Guidelines for Market Penetration Pasar yang ada belum jenuh Tingkat penggunaan pelanggan yang ada dapat ditingkatkan secara signifikan Market shares of competitors declining while total industry sales increasing Increased economies of scale provide major competitive advantages © 2001 Prentice Hall

Memperkenalkan produk atau jasa yang ada pada daerah atau pasar baru Grand Strategies Market Development Example Fren pemain seluler CDMA sekarang mulai merambah ke Makasar dan palembang setelah Jawa, Madura dan Bali Defined Memperkenalkan produk atau jasa yang ada pada daerah atau pasar baru © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Market Development Grand Strategies Guidelines for Market Development Adanya saluran distribusi baru yang dapat diandalkan, murah, dan berkualitas. Bila perusahaan sangat sukses dalam kegiatannya Adanya pasar baru yang belum tergarap dan belum jenuh Adanya modal dan sumberdayamanusia yang dapat digunakan untuk perluasan operasi Adanya kelebihan kapasitas Industri dasarnya dengan cepat menjadi global © 2001 Prentice Hall

Apel mengembangkan Chip G4 yang memiliki kecepatan 500 megahertz. Grand Strategies Product Development Example Apel mengembangkan Chip G4 yang memiliki kecepatan 500 megahertz. Defined Merubah atau memodifikasi produk perusahaan dan dijual pada pasar yang sudah ada © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Product Development Grand Strategies Guidelines for Product Development Produk berada pada tahap kedewasaan di siklus kehidupannnya Bila organisasi bersaing pada karekteristik teknologi yang berkembang cepat Bila pesaing menawarkan produk dengan kualitas yang lebih baik dengan harga yang sebanding (pantas) Bersaing dalam industri yang tumbuh tinggi Meniliki kapabilitas riset dan pengembangan yang kuat © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Diversification Strategies Concentric diversification Conglomerate diversification © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Concentric Diversification Defined Example Sebuah bank membeli perusahaan asuransi. Defined Menambah produk atau jasa baru, yang masih berkaitan (pasar, produk, dan teknologi) © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Concentric Diversification Grand Strategies Guidelines for Concentric Diversification Bersaing dalam industri tanpa pertumbuhan atau lambat Bila penambahan produk baru dan berkaitan akan secara signifikan menambah penjualan produk yang sudah ada Produk baru dan berkaitan dapat ditawarkan dengan harga yang bersaing Produk yang ada berada dalam tahap penurunan dalam siklus produknya Memiliki tim manajemen yang kuat © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Conglomerate Diversification Defined Example PT. Sampoerna mulai melirik bisnis properti untuk kelangsungan hidup grup sampoerna Defined Menambah produk atau jasa baru yang tidak berkaitan © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Conglomerate Diversification Grand Strategies Guidelines for Conglomerate Diversification Penjualan dan laba tahunan mengalami penurunan Ada modal dan bakat (talenta) manejerial yang diperlukan untuk sukses di industri baru Ada sinergi keuangan antara perusahaan yang dibeli dan yang membeli Pasar yang ada untuk produk saat ini sudah jenuh © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Defensive Strategies Joint venture Retrenchment Divestiture Liquidation © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Joint Venture Defined Example Lucent Technologies and Philips Electronic NV formed Philips Consumer Communications to make and sell telephones. Defined Dua atau lebih perusahaan mensposnori untuk membentuk perusahaan baru terpisah dengan tujuan yang sama © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Joint Venture Grand Strategies Guidelines for Joint Venture Kombinasi perusahaan swasta dan publik dapat secara sinergis dikombinasikan Perusahaan domestik dan perusahaan asing membentuk usaha patungan, dapat memperoleh sumberdaya lokal dan mengurangi risiko Kompetensi khusus dua perusahaan atau lebih dapat saling melengkapi Bila seuatu proyek berisiko besar memerlukan sumberdaya besar, namun juga memiliki potensi keuntungan yang besar. Dua atau lebih perusahaan kecil memiliki masalah dalam bersaing dengan perusahaan besar Ada kebutuhan untuk memperkenalkan teknologi baru secara cepat © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Retrenchment Turn Around Defined Example Perusahaan Perkebunan Negara merampingkan organisasi; melakukan rasionalisasi; pengurangan perjalanan dinas dan fasilitas mewah untuk menekan kerugian. Defined Mengubah pengelompokan melalui pengurangan biaya dan aset untuk memperbaiki penjualan dan laba yang menurun. © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Retrenchment Grand Strategies Guidelines for Retrenchment Firm has failed to meet its objectives and goals consistently over time but has distinctive competencies Firm is one of the weaker competitors Inefficiency, low profitability, poor employee morale, and pressure from stockholders to improve performance. When an organization’s strategic managers have failed Very quick growth to large organization where a major internal reorganization is needed. © 2001 Prentice Hall

Selling a division or part of an organization Grand Strategies Divestiture Example Harcourt General, the large US publisher, is selling its Neiman Marcus division. Defined Selling a division or part of an organization © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Divestiture Grand Strategies Guidelines for Divestiture When firm has pursued retrenchment but failed to attain needed improvements When a division needs more resources than the firm can provide When a division is responsible for the firm’s overall poor performance When a division is a misfit with the organization When a large amount of cash is needed and cannot be obtained from other sources. © 2001 Prentice Hall

Grand Strategies Liquidation Defined Example Bank Summa menjual seluruh asetnya untuk menutup kewajibannya Defined Selling all of a company’s assets, in parts, for their tangible worth © 2001 Prentice Hall

Guidelines for Liquidation Grand Strategies Guidelines for Liquidation When both retrenchment and divestiture have been pursued unsuccessfully If the only alternative is bankruptcy, liquidation is an orderly alternative When stockholders can minimize their losses by selling the firm’s assets © 2001 Prentice Hall

Contoh Soal Toyota mendirikan AUTO 2000 untuk mendukung penjualan dan jaringan service di seluruh Indonesia. Indofood mengakuisisi PT. Bogasari untuk menjamin kelancaran pasokan gandumnya. SCTV mendirikan ScFm di Surabaya. Kartu kredit city Bank yang tadinya dijual ke pengusaha sekarang juga merambah ke kalangan mahasiswa. Indofood yang sudah memiliki produk Indomie akhirnya juga mengakuisisi Sarimie dan Supermie

Michael Porter’s Generic Strategies Cost Leadership Strategies Differentiation Strategies Focus Strategies © 2001 Prentice Hall

Five Generic Strategies Competitive Advantage Cost Uniqueness Cost Leadership Differentiation Broad target Integrated Cost Leadership/ Differentiation Competitive Scope Narrow target Focused Cost Leadership Focused Differentiation © 2001 Prentice Hall