PENGGUNAAN STANDAR INSPEKSI NDT High Electrical Potential Electrons - + X-ray Generator or Radioactive Source Creates Radiation Exposure Recording Device Radiation Penetrate the Sample 2 4 6 8 10 This presentation was developed by the Collaboration for NDT Education to provide students and other audiences with a general introduction to nondestructive testing. The material by itself is not intended to train individuals to perform NDT functions, but rather to acquaint individuals with some of the common NDT methods and their uses. All rights are reserved by the authors but the material may be freely used by individuals and organizations for educational purposes. The materials may not be sold commercially, or used in commercial products or services. This presentation is one of nine developed by the Collaboration for NDT Education. The topics covered by the other presentations are: Visual Inspection Penetrant Testing Magnetic Particle Testing Eddy Current Testing Ultrasonic Testing Radiographic Testing Welder Certification Weld inspection with UT Public educators can request a free copy of the presentations by contacting the Collaboration at NDT-ed@cnde.iastate.edu. Comments are welcome at NDT-ed@cnde.iastate.edu.

Definisi Non Destructive Test; NDT adalah pengujian material yang dilakukan tanpa harus merusak bagian konstruksi (produk, material) atau obyek yang diuji untuk mengetahui cacat baik cacat luar maupun cacat dalam.

Hasil pemeriksaan produk mengenai jenis cacat, bentuk, tempat yang diteliti, keadaan produk dan lain-lainnya harus dicatat secara tepat, dan langkah selanjutnya bagi produk yang lulus pemeriksaan, tingkat kualitasnya harus dicatat dan hasil pencatatan tersebut harus diberikan sebagai umpan balik pada bagian perencanaan teknik. Bagian perencanaan teknik mengadakan pengaturan kualitas menurut data tersebut dan dilaksanakan untuk pencegahan cacat-cacat. Untuk memelihara dan menyempurnakan data tersebut agar selalu dapat menyiapkan standar pemeriksaan yang lebih sempurna.

Tujuan dan Peranan Pengujian untuk menjamin mutu (kualitas) dan kepercayaan terhadap kontruksi (produk, material), yaitu dengan cara memisahkan produk yang gagal. penekanan biaya dengan mengetahui lebih dulu produk yang cacat, yaitu penerimaan bahan baku dan bahan yang diproses dari proses awal sampai akhir bahwa produk yang cacat diketahui seawal mungkin. penyempurnaan teknik, yaitu menyisihkan produk yang cacat dilakukan lebih awal dan langkah selanjutnya tingkat kualitas dapat dipelihara dengan memeriksa data secara kolektif, sehingga kualitas dan teknik pembuatan dapat disempurnakan.

Peranan pengujian atau pemeriksaan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelas, yaitu pengujian untuk : Keperluan pembuat; untuk menunjang usaha-usaha perbaikan kepercayaan, kualitas produk (material), perbaikan teknik pembuatan, dan pengurangan biaya pembuatan. Keperluan pemakai; untuk kepastian kualitas saat pembelian, kepastian dan ketahanan kulaitas selama penggunaan, dan cara untuk memilih pembuat dan membandingkan hasil. Keperluan masyarakat; untuk penilaian terhadap kualitas produk (material), jaminan untuk keamanan masyarakat.

Untuk menjamin kualitas dan kepercayaan, pengujian atau pemeriksaan harus dilakukan secara terus menerus sejak dari tahap perencanaan sampai dengan tahap pemakaian. Tahap-tahap yang harus dilakukan antara lain: Pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk penjajagan. Pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk penelitian dan pengembangan. Disain meliputi: pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk pemilihan bahan pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk pembuat pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk penentuan persyaratan disain

Material : pengujian atau pemeriksaan penerimaan. Pembuatan meliputi : pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk cara pemrosesan pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk pemilihan kondisi proses pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk pengawasan kualitas pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk proses produksi Penggunaan meliputi : pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk penerimaan pengujian atau pemeriksaan untuk perawatan

Persiapan Sebelum Pengujian Kepastian dari standar yang digunakan. Di dalam pengujian atau pemeriksaan terdapat bermacam-macam standar dengan spesifikasi yang berbeda-beda. Berhubung dengan hal tersebut, maka sebelum pengujian dilaksanakan harus ditentukan lebih dulu standar yang akan digunakan termasuk tahun penerbitannya. Kepastian tentang jadwal dan lingkungan pemeriksaan. Pengujian atau pemeriksaan produk menyesesuaikan jadwal proses produksi yang dibuat agar tidak menghambat seluruh pekerjaan dengan memperhitungkan kemungkinan adanya pekerjaan yang tidak memenuhi syarat yang akan memerlukan waktu tambahan untuk memperbaiki. Supaya tidak mengganggu pelaksanaan pemeriksaan, maka lingkungan pemeriksaan juga harus dipastikan lebih dahulu, agar pemeriksa dapat melakukan tugasnya dengan baik dan aman.

Persiapan Sebelum Pengujian (lanjutan) Pemilihan pemeriksa dan alat yang digunakan. Pemeriksaan sangat tergantung dari pemeriksa, metoda pemeriksaan, dan alat yang digunakan, oleh karena itu harus didasarkan pada spesifikasi dan standar yang ada. Persiapan benda uji. Sebelum melakukan pemeriksaan produk, harus ditentukan lebih dahulu cara-cara pengujian yang akan digunakan dengan memperhatikan perencanaan dan fungsi produk. Untuk penanganan produk hasil pemeriksaan, perlu dipelajari tentang cacat maupun letak cacat di dalam produk, dan dipersiapkan benda uji sesuai dengan persyaratan yang diperlukan, serta alat uji harus dikalibrasi terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan.

NDT terhadap lasan, pada dasarnya memiliki 2 fungsi: Quality control, yang memonitor welder dan peralatan, kualitas, dan logam dasar yang dipergunakan. Diterima atau diafkir suatu hasil lasan yang disesuaikan dengan fungsinya. Tujuan utama Inspeksi las melalui NDT adalah keberadaan diskontinuitas. Sehingga diskontinuitas tersebut harus dideteksi, diidentifikasi, dicari lokasinya, ukurannya dan orientasinya.

Pertimbangan Pemilihan Metoda NDT pada Struktur Lasan: Karakteristik diskontinuitas Persyaratan mekanika perpatahan Ukuran komponen Kemampuan dibawanya peralatan Kendala-kendala lainnya: Jalan masuk ke lokasi inspeksi Geometri struktur (datar, lengkung, tebal, tipis, dll) kondisi permukaan (halus, tidak beraturan, dll) Mode inspeksi (preservice, in-service, kontinyu, periodik, sesaat) Lingkungan (tidakj bersahabat, dibawah air, dll) Waktu yang tersedia untuk inspeksi (cepat, intensif) kehandalan Aplikasi gabungan metoda pengujian Harga

Metoda NDT: Thermography Visual Microwave Magnetic Particle Tap Testing Radiografi Acoustic Microscopy Acoustic Emission Liquid Penetrant Magnetic Measurements Ultrasonic Replication Laser Interferometry Eddy Current Flux Leakage

Five Most Common NDT Methods Visual Liquid Penetrant Magnetic Ultrasonic X-ray

Visual Inspection Most basic and common inspection method. Portable video inspection unit with zoom allows inspection of large tanks and vessels, railroad tank cars, sewer lines. Most basic and common inspection method. Tools include fiberscopes, borescopes, magnifying glasses and mirrors. Robotic crawlers permit observation in hazardous or tight areas, such as air ducts, reactors, pipelines.

Visual inspection is useful for checking the following: Dimensional accuracy of weldments Conformity of welds to size and contour requirements Acceptability of weld appearance with regard to surface roughness, weld spatter, and cleanness Presence of surface flaws such as unfilled craters, pockmarks, undercuts, overlaps, and cracks. (a) Mirror on stem: may be flat for normal view or concave for limited magnification. (b) Hand magnifying glass (magnification usually 2–3´). (c) Illuminated magnifier; field of view more restricted than D (magnification 5–10´). (d) Inspection glass, usually fitted with a scale for measurement; the front surface is placed in contact with the work (magnification 5–10´). (e) Borescope or intrascope with built-in illumination (magnification 2–3´).

Gage for visual inspection of a fillet weld at a 90° intersection Gage for visual inspection of a fillet weld at a 90° intersection. Similar gages can be made for other angles. Dimension given in inches

Appearance Standards. Workmanship standard for visual comparison during inspection of single-V-groove welds and fillet welds. Dimensions given in inches

Liquid Penetrant Inspection A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied to the surface of the part and allowed time to seep into surface breaking defects. The excess liquid is removed from the surface of the part. A developer (powder) is applied to pull the trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it on the surface where it can be seen. Visual inspection is the final step in the process. The penetrant used is often loaded with a fluorescent dye and the inspection is done under UV light to increase test sensitivity.

Magnetic Particle Inspection The part is magnetized. Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment are then applied to the specimen. These particles are attracted to magnetic flux leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the discontinuity. This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions.

Radiography The radiation used in radiography testing is a higher energy (shorter wavelength) version of the electromagnetic waves that we see as visible light. The radiation can come from an X-ray generator or a radioactive source. High Electrical Potential Electrons - + X-ray Generator or Radioactive Source Creates Radiation Exposure Recording Device Radiation Penetrate the Sample

Film Radiography The part is placed between the radiation source and a piece of film. The part will stop some of the radiation. Thicker and more dense area will stop more of the radiation. The film darkness (density) will vary with the amount of radiation reaching the film through the test object. X-ray film = less exposure = more exposure Top view of developed film

Radiographic Images

Ultrasonic Inspection (Pulse-Echo) High frequency sound waves are introduced into a material and they are reflected back from surfaces or flaws. Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen showing the depth of features that reflect sound. f 2 4 6 8 10 initial pulse back surface echo crack echo crack plate Oscilloscope, or flaw detector screen

Sound beam path in a flat testpiece being ultrasonically inspected with a shear wave from an angle-beam transducer, showing the skip distance between the nodes where the beam reflects from the surfaces Three positions of the contact type of transducer along the zigzag scanning path used during ultrasonic inspection of welded joints. The movement of the sound beam path across the weld is shown on a section taken along the centerline of the transducer as it is moved from the far left position in the scanning path (a), through an intermediate position (b), to the far right position (c).

Ultrasonic scanning procedures to detect longitudinal and transverse discontinuities in welds that (a) are not ground flush and (b) are ground flush

Ultrasonic scanning procedure for full-penetration groove weld (a) and double-fillet welds (b) in corner joints

Discontinuity Signals Transducer scanning positions for distinguishing between weld metal flaws that are (a) vertically oriented and (b) in an inclined position

Common Application of NDT Inspection of Raw Products Inspection Following Secondary Processing In-Services Damage Inspection

Inspection of Raw Products Forgings, Castings, Extrusions, etc.

Inspection Following Secondary Processing Machining Welding Grinding Heat treating Plating etc.

Inspection For In-Service Damage Cracking Corrosion Erosion/Wear Heat Damage etc.

Power Plant Inspection Periodically, power plants are shutdown for inspection. Inspectors feed eddy current probes into heat exchanger tubes to check for corrosion damage. Probe Pipe with damage Signals produced by various amounts of corrosion thinning.

Wire Rope Inspection Electromagnetic devices and visual inspections are used to find broken wires and other damage to the wire rope that is used in chairlifts, cranes and other lifting devices.

Storage Tank Inspection Robotic crawlers use ultrasound to inspect the walls of large above ground tanks for signs of thinning due to corrosion. Cameras on long articulating arms are used to inspect underground storage tanks for damage.

Aircraft Inspection Nondestructive testing is used extensively during the manufacturing of aircraft. NDT is also used to find cracks and corrosion damage during operation of the aircraft. A fatigue crack that started at the site of a lightning strike is shown below.

Jet Engine Inspection Aircraft engines are overhauled after being in service for a period of time. They are completely disassembled, cleaned, inspected and then reassembled. Fluorescent penetrant inspection is used to check many of the parts for cracking.

Pressure Vessel Inspection The failure of a pressure vessel can result in the rapid release of a large amount of energy. To protect against this dangerous event, the tanks are inspected using radiography and ultrasonic testing.

Rail Inspection Special cars are used to inspect thousands of miles of rail to find cracks that could lead to a derailment. The heavy loads that trains place on the railroad tracks can result in the formation of cracks in the rail. If these cracks are not detected, they can lead to a derailment. Special rail cars equipped with NDT equipment are used to detect rail defects before they are big enough to cause serious problems.

Pipeline Inspection NDT is used to inspect pipelines to prevent leaks that could damage the environment. Visual inspection, radiography and electromagnetic testing are some of the NDT methods used. Remote visual inspection using a robotic crawler. Magnetic flux leakage inspection. This device, known as a pig, is placed in the pipeline and collects data on the condition of the pipe as it is pushed along by whatever is being transported. Radiography of weld joints.

Macam-macam Jenis Cacat

Macam-macam Jenis Cacat (lanjutan)

terimakasih This presentation was developed by the Collaboration for NDT Education to provide students and other audiences with a general introduction to nondestructive testing. The material by itself is not intended to train individuals to perform NDT functions, but rather to acquaint individuals with some of the common NDT methods and their uses. All rights are reserved by the authors but the material may be freely used by individuals and organizations for educational purposes. The materials may not be sold commercially, or used in commercial products or services. This presentation is one of nine developed by the Collaboration for NDT Education. The topics covered by the other presentations are: Visual Inspection Penetrant Testing Magnetic Particle Testing Eddy Current Testing Ultrasonic Testing Radiographic Testing Welder Certification Weld inspection with UT Public educators can request a free copy of the presentations by contacting the Collaboration at NDT-ed@cnde.iastate.edu. Comments are welcome at NDT-ed@cnde.iastate.edu.