Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc. Perhitungan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Kegiatan Peternakan dan Contoh Perhitungan Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc. Fakultas Peternakan IPB Email: permana@ipb.ac.id Telp. 081380263993 Peningkatan Kapasitas - Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Kegiatan Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Penggunaan Lainnya Bogor, 22-24 April 2013

Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian Source: IPCC (2006)

Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian Rice Cultivation (CH4) Cropland Burning (CO2, CH4 , N2O, N2O) Liming (CO2) Urea Fertilizer (CO2) N2O Emission from Managed Soil (N2O) Direct N2O Soil Indirect N2O Soil Livestock Enteric Fermentation (CH4 ) Manure Management (CH4 and N2O)

Jenis Ternak Ruminansia: sapi (sapi perah, sapi potong), kerbau, domba dan kambing Non Ruminansia (Pseudoruminant): kuda Unggas: ayam (broiler, petelur, ayam buras), itik, puyuh dll Monogastrik lainnya: babi

Populasi Ternak Nasional

Populasi Ternak Nasional Jenis Ternak 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sapi Potong 11,008 11,137 11,298 10,504 10,533 10,569 10,875 11,515 12,257 12,760 13,582 14,824 Sapi Perah 354 347 358 374 364 361 369 458 475 488 597 Kerbau 2,405 2,333 2,403 2,459 2,128 2,167 2,086 1,931 1,933 2,000 1,305 Kuda 412 422 419 413 397 387 398 401 393 399 416 Kambing 12,566 12,464 12,549 12,722 12,781 13,409 13,790 14,470 15,147 15,815 16,620 17,483 Domba 7,427 7,401 7,641 7,811 8,075 8,327 8,980 9,514 9,605 10,199 10,725 11,372 Babi 5,357 5,369 5,927 6,151 5,980 6,801 6,218 6,711 6,338 6,975 7,477 7,758

Distribusi Emisi Methan berdasarkan dari Sektor Pertanian berdasarkan Sumbernya

Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Fementasi Enterik berdasarkan Jenis Ternak

Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Manajemen Manur berdasarkan Jenis Ternak

Emisi GRK dari Peternakan Enteric Fermentation Methan (CH4) Manure Management Direct N2O Indirect N2O CH4

Enteric Fermentation Ternak ruminansia (sapi potong, sapi perah, kerbau, domba, kambing), kuda, babi menghasilkan methan. Gas yang dihasilkan ternak ruminansia adalah CO2, CH4, H2S, H2O Methan dihasilkan dari proses methanogenesis di dalam rumen dengan bantuan bakteri methanogen. CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH4 + 2H2O

CH4 Manure Management Methan: Dihasilkan dari proses penanganan manure (manure management) pada semua jenis ternak (sapi perah, sapi potong, kerbau, domba, kambing, babi, itik, ayam ras, ayam kampung, ayam petelur) secara anaerobik Penanganan secara liquid lebih memungkinkan terjadinya methanogenesis dibandingkan penanganan secara solid.

N2O N2O Manure Management Direct N2O Indirect N2O Dihasilkan dari proses kombinasi nitrifikasi dan detrifikasi N dari manur selama dalam penyimpanan. Proses nitrifikasi adalah perubahan N-ammonia menjadi N-nitrat dalam kondisi oksigen yang cukup. Indirect N2O Dihasilkan dari N-volatile seperti NH3 atau NOx N2O N2O

Faktor Emisi pada ternak tergantung dari berbagai hal: Jenis dan Bangsa Ternak Berat Badan, Umur Produksi Susu/Kerja Status reproduksi Kualitas Pakan Sistem Pemberian Pakan Sistem Pemeliharaan Sistem Pengelolaan Kotoran

IPCC Guideline 2006 IPCC Guideline for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Vol 4 – Agriculture Chapter 10 – Emission from Lovestock and Manure Management Dilengkapi Worksheet untuk inventory

IPCC Worksheet 3A1 Enteric Fermentation 3A2 Manure Management 3C4 Direct N2O Soils 3C5 Indirect N2O Soils 3C6 Indirect N2O Manure

ALU Tool Software Digunakan untuk inventory GRK pada sektor peternakan dan Land Use. Dikembangkan oleh Colorado State University http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/ghgtool/index.php

2006 IPCC Software Digunakan untuk inventory GRK untuk berbagai sektor. Dikembangkan oleh WMO-UNEP

Choise of Method TIER 1: BASIC CHARACTERISATION FOR LIVESTOCK POPULATION TIER 2: ENHANCED CHARACTERISATION FOR LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS Definitions for livestock subcategories; Livestock population by subcategory, with consideration for estimation of annual population as per Tier 1; Feed intake estimates for the typical animal in each subcategory. TIER 3: FOR COUNTRY-SPECIFIC

Emisi Methan dari Fermentasi Enterik

Perhitungan Emisi Methan Step 1: Populasi Ternak Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE) Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki EF untuk peternakan. Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006) Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi

STEP 1: Animal Population Misalnya: Ayam broiler umumnya dipelihara selama 60 hari. Jika produksi broiler di suatu provinsi 1.000.000 ekor/tahun, maka rataan populasi per tahun: AAP = 60 x (1.000.000/365) = 164.383 ekor/tahun Populasi ternak disesuaikan dengan Struktur Populasi (Dewasa 1 ST, Muda 0.5 ST, Anak 0.25 ST)

STEP 2: Faktor Emisi

Faktor Emisi Fermentasi Enterik No Species Type Enteric Fermentation (kg/head/year) 1 Beef Cattle 47 2 Dairy Cattle 68 3 Bufallo 55 4 Sheep 5 Goat 6 Pig 7 Horse 18 8 Local Chicken  - 9 Broiler 10 Layer 11 Duck IPCC (2006) Table 10.10 & Table 10.11

STEP 3: Total Emisi Emisi CH4 dari fermentasi enterik = Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia adalah 14,8 juta, maka total emisi methan adalah: Emisi CH4 dari fermentasi enterik = 47 x (14.800.000/1.000.000) = 698.6 Gg CH4/tahun

Emisi Methan dari Manajemen Manur

Perhitungan Emisi Methan Step 1: Populasi Ternak Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE) Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki EF untuk peternakan. Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006) Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi

STEP 2: Total Emisi IPCC (2006) Table 10.14

STEP 2: Total Emisi IPCC (2006) Table 10.15

Faktor Emisi Manajemen Manure No Species Type Manure Management (kg/head/year) 1 Beef Cattle 2 Dairy Cattle 31 3 Bufallo 4 Sheep 0.20 5 Goat 0.22 6 Pig 7 Horse 2.19 8 Local Chicken 0.02 9 Broiler 10 Layer 11 Duck IPCC (2006) Table 10.14 & Table 10.15

STEP 3: Total Emisi Emisi CH4 dari manajemen manur = Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia adalah 4,8 juta, maka total emisi methan dari manajemen manur adalah: Emisi CH4 dari manajemen manur = (1 x 14.800.000)/1.000.000 = 14.8 Gg CH4/tahun

Total Emisi

Emisi N2O dari Manajemen Manur

Definition of Manure Management System Pasture/Range/Paddock The manure from pasture and range grazing animals is allowed to lie as deposited, and is not managed. Daily spread Manure is routinely removed from a confinement facility and is applied to cropland or pasture within 24 hours of excretion. Solid storage The storage of manure, typically for a period of several months, in unconfined piles or stacks. Manure is able to be stacked due to the presence of a sufficient amount of bedding material or loss of moisture by evaporation. Dry lot A paved or unpaved open confinement area without any significant vegetative cover where accumulating manure may be removed periodically

Definition of Manure Management System Liquid/Slurry Manure is stored as excreted or with some minimal addition of water in either tanks or earthen ponds outside the animal housing, usually for periods less than one year. Uncovered anaerobic lagoon A type of liquid storage system designed and operated to combine waste stabilization and storage. Lagoon supernatant is usually used to remove manure from the associated confinement facilities to the lagoon. Anaerobic lagoons are designed with varying lengths of storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and other operational factors. The water from the lagoon may be recycled as flush water or used to irrigate and fertilise fields. Pit storage below animal confinements Collection and storage of manure usually with little or no added water typically below a slatted floor in an enclosed animal confinement facility, usually for periods less than one year.

Definition of Manure Management System Anaerobic digester Animal excreta with or without straw are collected and anaerobically digested in a large containment vessel or covered lagoon. Digesters are designed and operated for waste stabilization by the microbial reduction of complex organic compounds to CO2 and CH4, which is captured and flared or used as a fuel Burned for fuel The dung and urine are excreted on fields. The sun dried dung cakes are burned for fuel. Cattle and Swine deep bedding As manure accumulates, bedding is continually added to absorb moisture over a production cycle and possibly for as long as 6 to 12 months. This manure management system also is known as a bedded pack manure management system and may be combined with a dry lot or pasture. Composting - invessel Composting, typically in an enclosed channel, with forced aeration and continuous mixing. Composting - Static pile Composting in piles with forced aeration but no mixing.

Definition of Manure Management System Composting - Intensive windrow Composting in windrows with regular (at least daily) turning for mixing and aeration. Composting - Passive Composting in windrows with infrequent turning for mixing and aeration. Poultry manure with litter Similar to cattle and swine deep bedding except usually not combined with a dry lot or pasture. Typically used for all poultry breeder flocks and for the production of meat type chickens (broilers) and other fowl. Poultry manure without litter May be similar to open pits in enclosed animal confinement facilities or may be designed and operated to dry the manure as it accumulates. The latter is known as a high-rise manure management system and is a form of passive windrow composting when designed and operated Properly Aerobic treatment The biological oxidation of manure collected as a liquid with either forced or natural aeration. Natural aeration is limited to aerobic and facultative ponds and wetland systems and is due primarily to photosynthesis. Hence, these systems typically become anoxic during periods without sunlight.

N2O N2O Emisi N2O dari Manur Direct N2O Indirect N2O Dihasilkan dari proses kombinasi nitrifikasi dan detrifikasi N dari manur selama dalam penyimpanan. Proses nitrifikasi adalah perubahan N-NH3 menjadi N-nitrat dalam kondisi oksigen yang cukup. Indirect N2O Dihasilkan dari N-volatile menjadi NH3 atau NOx. N organic yang mudah menjadi volatil adalah urea dan ureic acid N2O N2O

DIRECT N2O EMISSION

Nitrogen Exretion Rate (Nrate) IPCC (2006) Table 10.19

Nitrogen Exretion Rate (Nrate) No Species Type N Exreation Rate (kg N/1000 kg mass/day) 1 Beef Cattle 0.34 2 Dairy Cattle 0.47 3 Bufallo 0.32 4 Sheep 1.17 5 Goat 1.37 6 Swine 0.50 7 Horse 0.46 8 Local Chicken 0.82 9 Broiler 1.10 10 Layer 11 Duck 0.83 IPCC (2006) Table 10.19

Typical Animal Mass of Livestock Category Livestock Category (TAM) No Species Type Typical Animal Mass of Livestock Category 1 Beef Cattle 350 2 Dairy Cattle 319 3 Bufallo 330 4 Sheep 28 5 Goat 30 6 Swine 7 Horse 238 8 Local Chicken 0.9 9 Broiler 1.2 10 Layer 1.8 11 Duck 1.5 IPCC (2006) Table 10.A4 – 10.A.9

Annual Nitrogen Exretion per Species Nex (N kg/animal/year) Banyaknya N yang diekresikan seekor ternak per tahun. Tergantung pada exretion N dan animal body mass Nex = Nrate x TAM x 365 / 1000 (N kg/animal/year)

Total Nitrogen Excretion for the MMS (NEMMS) Banyaknya N yang diekresikan oleh seluruh populasi ternak per tahun. NEMMS = T x Nex x MS (N kg/jenis ternak/year)

Total Nitrogen Excretion for the MMS (NEMMS) NEMMS = ex = Nrate x TAM x 365 / 1000 N kg/animal/year

Emission Factor for Direct N2O Faktor Emisi untuk Direct N2O No Species Type Emission Factor for Direct N2O 1 Beef Cattle 0.02 2 Dairy Cattle 3 Bufallo 4 Sheep 5 Goat 6 Swine 7 Horse 8 Local Chicken 0.001 9 Broiler 10 Layer 11 Duck IPCC (2006) Table 10.21

Annual Direct N2O Emission from Manure Management N2O emission = NEMMS x EF x 44/28 (kg N2O per year) 44/28 is conversion (N2O-N) to (N2O)

INDIRECT N2O EMISSION

Fraction of managed livestock manure nitrogen that volatilises Fraksi N yang volatil untuk setiap jenis ternak dan manajemen manur IPCC (2006) Table 10.22

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