Penginderaan,Persepsi, Memori dan Lupa

1. PENGINDERAAN ???

ADANYA PERHATIAN MANUSIA Syarat pengindraan ? KEKUATAN OBJEK KESEHATAN INDERA ADANYA PERHATIAN MANUSIA

Sudut pandang dalam pengindraan ? Pengaturan menurut sudut pandang ruang. Pengaturan menurut sudut pandang waktu. Pengaturan menurut sudut pandang Gestalt. Pengaturan menurut sudut pandang arti

Kemampuan otak dalam menerjemahkan stimulus disebut dengan PERSEPSI. Persepsi merupakan proses untuk menerjemahkan atau menginterpretasi stimulus yang masuk dalam alat indra.

External factors : Nature, Perceptual Process Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature, Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs,age,Interest, Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal) Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity) Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior

Persepsi Persepsi terhadap bentuk Persepsi terhadap kedalaman Persepsi terhadap konstansi Persepsi terhadap gerak

Pengaruh Perbedaan sudut pandang dalam Pengindraan dan Persepsi

Pengaruh Perbedaan sudut pandang dalam Pengindraan dan Persepsi dalam Pembelajaran Persepsi manusia baik berupa persepsi positif maupun negatif akan mempengaruhi tindakan yang tampak . Tindakan positif biasanya akan muncul apabila kita mempersepsi seseorang secara positif dan sebaliknya. Sebagai contoh ketika kita mempersepsi siswa A adalah siswa yang pandai maka kita akan memperlakukan ia dengan menghargainya dan memberi kesempatan baginya untuk melakukan sesuatu, dan sebaliknya apabila kita menilai siswa B adalah siswa yang lambat belajar maka kita akan memperlakukannya berbeda dengan siswa A.

Setiap hari anak mendapatkan : 460 komentar negatif Penelitian komentar orang tua terhadap perilaku anak, Penemuan Jack Canfield (dalam DePorter, 1990) Setiap hari anak mendapatkan : 460 komentar negatif 75 komentar positif Subjek : 100 anak

Pengamatan Persepsi Prasangka Perilaku yang Tampak Dari sudut pandang mana kita mengamati perilaku akan mempengaruhi persepsi yang terbentuk Persepsi manusia baik + maupun – akan mempengaruhi tindakan yang tampak

PENGERTIAN MEMORI, TERCAKUP DALAM TIGA TAHAPAN/PROSES YAITU : IN RETRIEVAL STORAGE

MEMORI JANGKA PENDEK Disebut juga immediate memory dan short term memory. Informasi dalam memori ini bertahan hanya beberapa detik. Contoh menghafalkan nomor telepon atau nomor plat motor, setelah kita berhasil menghafalkan nomor tersebut dan menggunakannya maka informasi tersebut cenderung dilupakan atau hilang Kapasitas memori jangka pendek berkisar antara 2-7 digit Informasi yang ada pada memori ini sangat berarti atau cenderung diulang maka kemungkinan besar informasi tersebut bisa masuk memori kerja maupun memori jangka panjang.

MEMORI KERJA Memori kerja atau working memory dapat menyimpan informasi dari beberapa menit hingga beberapa jam dan memberi waktu yang cukup untuk secara sadar memproses, melakukan refleksi, dan melaksanakan suatu kegiatan berfikir (Gunawan, A. W, 2003). Informasi yang masuk dalam memori kerja juga memungkinkan masuk ke memori jangka panjang jika informasi tersebut bermakna dan sering diulang. Contoh memori ini adalah apabila siswa melakukan belajar dengan cara kebut semalam. Informasi yang masuk dalam memori ini dapat bertahan cukup lama,

MEMORI JANGKA PANJANG Memori jangka panjang atau long term memory merupakan kemampuan untuk menyimpan informasi cenderung menetap/permanent. Informasi dalam memori ini dapat bertahan dalam beberapa bulan, tahun bahkan seumur hidup.

Beberapa faktor yang berpengaruhterhadap penyimpanan informasi jangka panjang adalah : Informasi yang berhubungan dengan Informasi yang berhubungan dengan membangkitkan emosi keselamatan hidup Informasi yang masuk akal dan berarti

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI LUPA Decay teori, lupa terjadi karena waktu, lama tidak dimunculkan Interferensi teori, informasi yang disimpan saling bercampur/tumpang tindih Motivated forgetting, informasi yang ada diharapkan untuk dilupakan Sebab fisik, kecelakaan, amnesia, usia Sebab psikis, stress, depressi, psikotik

MENINGKATKAN KAPASITAS MEMORI Mengorganisasikan dalam kelompok tertentu : meggolongkan tiap 3 digit dalam menghapal nomor hp Metode mnemonik : mejikuhibiniu, mau jadi koboi harus bisa naik unta Metode loci : mengasosiasikan dengan benda yang familiar Membuat penekanan tertentu : digaris bawahi,dibaca keras, sambil dipraktekkan

BAHAN TAMBAHAN

Persepsi

Definisi “ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.” “ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. “ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Proses pengorganisasian dan interpretasi informasi yang memungkinkan kita mengenali makna obyek dan peristiwa

Sensation and Perception The processes by which our sense organs receive information from the environment. Transduction The process by which physical energy is converted into sensory neural impulses. Perception The processes by which people select, organize, and interpret sensations.

Sensation & Perception Processes Figure 3.2 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Perceptual Process Sensation An individual’s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment. Selection The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing. Organization The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for “storage.” Translation The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.

External factors : Nature, Perceptual Process Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature, Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs,age,Interest, Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal) Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity) Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior

Bottom-Up Processing Perception Stimuli Input Stimuli Processing Prior Knowledge, Experience, etc. Perception Stimuli Processing Stimuli Input Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

Top-Down Processing Perception Stimuli Processing Stimuli Input Culture Social Class Values Beliefs Prejudices Attitudes Personality Temperament Occupation Education Prior Stimuli Perceived Prior Knowledge, Experience, etc. Immediate Mental Set Present Fatigue Energy Level Presence of Authority Needs, Moods Mental Health Knowledge Vocabulary Long-term Memory Schemas Specific Life Experiences Perception Stimuli Processing Stimuli Input Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

Top-Down & Bottom-Up Processing Prior Knowledge, Experience, etc. Perception Stimuli Processing Stimuli Input Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005

Factors influencing perception A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.

Factors influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting Perception Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity

Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

Attribution Theory When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Attribution of cause observation Interpretation H External Distictinctiveness L Internal H External Individual behavior Consensus L Internal H Internal Consistency L External H –high L- Low

Consensus Consistency Distictiveness Do other person Behave in the Same manner? Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ? Distictiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situation YES Low Distinctiveness NO High No Low Consensus Yes High Yes High Consistency No Low Internal Attribution External Attribution

Shortcuts in judging others Selective Perception : People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience and attitudes. Halo Effect : Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single charecteristics.

Contrast Effect : Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. Projection : Attributing one's own characteristics to other people. Stereotyping : Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that persons belongs.

Perceptual organization It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects. Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human brain. These are Figure ground Perceptual grouping

Figure-Ground Illustration Field-ground differentiation The tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background.

PERCEPTUAL GROUPING Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern. It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn. Some factors underlying grouping are -continuity -closure -proximity -similarity

Persepsi Persepsi terhadap bentuk Persepsi terhadap kedalaman Persepsi terhadap konstansi Persepsi terhadap gerak

Perception Perceptual Organization Perceptual Constancies Depth and Dimension Perceptual Set The World of Illusions Section outline

Perceptual Organization Reversible Figures Drawings that one can perceive in different ways by reversing figure and ground. Gestalt Psychology School of thought rooted in the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. Figure 3.20 (lady/girl) and 3.21 (rabbit/duck) from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Quote from: Shephard, R. N. (1990). Mind Sights. New York: W. H. Freeman.

Perceptual Organization Gestalt Laws of Grouping Proximity Seeing 3 pair of lines in A Similarity Seeing columns of orange and red dots in B Continuity Seeing lines that connect 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 in C Closure Seeing a horse in D Figure 3.23 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Perceptual Organization Identifying Objects Geons (geometric icons) are simple 3D component shapes. A limited number are stored in memory. Geons are combined to identify essential contours of objects. Figure 3.25 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Biederman, I. (1987). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review, 94, 115-147.

Perceptual Constancies Size Constancy The tendency to view an object as constant in size despite changes in the size of the retinal image. Shape Constancy The tendency to see an object as keeping its form despite changes in orientation.

Perceptual Constancies The Ames Room A specially-built room that makes people seem to change size as they move around in it The room is not a rectangle, as viewers assume it is. A single peephole prevents using binocular depth cues. Figure 3.25 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Perceptual Constancies Shape Constancy Figure 3.26 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Even though these images cast shadows of different shapes, they still are seen as round.

Depth and Dimension Depth Perception Convergence Binocular Disparity The use of visual cues to estimate depth and distance. Convergence A binocular cue involving the turning inward of the eyes as an object gets closer. Binocular Disparity A binocular cue whereby the closer an object is, the more different the image is in each retina.

Depth and Dimension Monocular Depth Cues Distance cues that enable the perception of depth with one eye. Relative Image Size Texture Gradient Linear Perspective Interposition Atmospheric Perspective Relative Elevation Familiarity

Depth and Dimension The Visual Cliff Devised by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk to test depth perception in infants and animals. Provides visual illusion of a cliff. Caregiver stands across the gap. Babies are not afraid until about the age they can crawl. Figure 3.27 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Perceptual Set What is seen in the center figures depends on the order in which one looks at the figures: If scanned from the left, a man’s face is seen. If scanned from the right, a woman’s figure is seen. Figure 3.28 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Perceptual Set Context Effects The same physical stimulus can be interpreted differently depending on perceptual set, e.g., context effects. When is the middle character the letter B and when is it the number 13? Figure 3.29 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The World of Illusions The Müller-Lyer Illusion Illusion in which the perceived length of a line is altered by the position of other lines that enclose it

The World of Illusions The Ponzo Illusion Illusion in which the perceived line length is affected by linear perspective cues. Side lines seem to converge Top line seems farther away But the retinal images of the red lines are equal. Figure 3.32 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Extrasensory Perception ESP refers to the ability to perceive stimuli that are outside the 5 senses Telepathy: the ability to read minds Clairvoyance: the ability to perceive objects or events Precognition: the ability to predict the future Psychokinesis: the ability to move objects © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E