Production Possibility Frontiers

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Transcript presentasi:

Production Possibility Frontiers Permasalahan Ekonomi Resources Scarcity and Choice Opportunity Cost Production Possibility Frontiers This series of slides will introduce some key concepts to students – the economic problem, opportunity cost and production possibility frontiers.

Sumberdaya (Resources)

Sumberdaya (Resources) Sumberdaya atau resources dalam ilmu ekonomi diartikan sebagai “sesuatu” yang dapat kita gunakan untuk memproduksi barang dan jasa. Sumberdaya dalam proses produksi disebut juga sebagai faktor produksi

Apa sajakah yang bisa digunakan dalam proses produksi? Discussion can take place here about the key elements of the economic problem – the unlimited wants of humans against the scarce resources that exist to meet those wants. The notion of supply and demand can be introduced here and students can be involved by making a list of all the things they would like to buy if they had unlimited amounts of money! If then asked to trim that list down to meet a budget the more outrageous items disappear. This then introduces the notion of having to make choices – this issue can be discussed further using examples drawn from students own experiences about the choices they have had to make – possibly involving the choice of subjects they have had to make at college or school in relation to the time available, etc! How we use our scarce resources can also be linked into this discussion. The wind turbines highlight an issue raised in the In the News section (http://www.bized.ac.uk/cgi-bin/chron/chron.pl?id=1928) about the intention to build wind farms in areas of the UK and the controversies that it creates – useful to link theory and practice at an early stage.

Klasifikasi Sumberdaya Asli alam manusia Turunan modal skill

Sumberdaya Alam

Sumberdaya Manusia

Sumberdaya Modal Uang bukan sumberdaya, karena tidak dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi barang dan jasa

Sumberdaya skill Skill diartikan sebagai entreprenuership Entrepreneurship berkaitan dengan kemampuan untuk membaca peluang laba, mengorganisir sumberdaya, dan bersedia menanggung resiko

Scarcity and Choice

Keinginan dan Kebutuhan Setiap Individu memiliki keinginan yang beraneka ragam dan cenderung merasa kurang puas atas apa yang telah dimiliki sepeda Sepeda motor mobil Pesawat, dll Mobil, Ipad, laptop, .... Setiap keinginan yang menuntut adanya pemenuhan bergeser menjadi kebutuhan

Bagaimana cara kita memenuhi kebutuhan? Sumberdaya yg kita miliki ditukarkan Aneka macam kebutuhan

Bagaimana kelangkaan bisa terjadi? Kelangkaan terjadi manakala sumberdaya yang tersedia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan terbatas adanya, sehingga harus membuat pilihan Sumberdaya terbatas Keinginan tidak terbatas

Skala Prioritas Kebutuhan manusia beragam, sementara sumberdaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan terbatas, maka manusia harus membuat pilihan (choice) Untuk mempermudah membuat pilihan maka disusun skala prioritas Skala prioritas buku laptop ipad

Tiga Masalah Pokok Ekonomi What Barang dan jasa apa yang harus diproduksi oleh perekonomian? – apakah harus menekankan sektor pertanian, industri atau jasa, ataukah justru pembangunan perumahan- How Bagaimana barang dan jasa tersebut diproduksi? – labour intensive, land intensive, capital intensive?- For Whom Untuk siapa barang dan jasa tersebut diproduksi? – apakah melalui distribusi? Lebih condong untuk yang kaya? Untuk mereka yang bekerja keras?- This is the traditional three key questions any economic system has to answer. Many students would have difficulty defining what an ‘economy’ actually is! It is useful at this stage to clear this up – a system for the production and exchange of goods and services to satisfy the wants and needs of the population. This is open ended enough to be able to incorporate all manner of economic systems from a barter system that still exists in remote parts of the world to sophisticated economic systems such as the UK and US! The questions and the examples raised can be used for discussion – get the students to express their views at this stage and be as controversial as possible to stimulate discussion and involvement!

Opportunity Cost Definisi – biaya yang harus dikorbankan untuk memperoleh alternatif terbaik Dalam konsep ekonomi terdapat dua biaya, biaya eksplisit dan biaya implisit Biaya eksplisit adalah biaya yang kita keluarkan secara nyata Biaya implisit tercermin dalam biaya peluang This is a key concept and one that often causes problems and misunderstanding but is central to students thinking like an economist. The crucial thing to knock out of students is their thinking that everything costs ‘money’. Because we have to make choices there are issues surrounding value judgements about what is important and what is not – it should not be difficult to stimulate discussion about what issues of government spending are important and what are not!

Production Possibility Frontiers Menunjukkan perbedaan kombinasi barang dan jasa yang dapat diproduksi atas penggunaan sejumlah sumberdaya Tidak terdapat “titik kombinasi” ideal dalam kurva tersebut Setiap titik di dalam kurva menunjukkan penggunaan sumber daya yang kurang efisien Setiap titik di luar kurva mencerminkan ketidakmampuan sumberdaya dalam memproduksi barang dan jasa Sangat berguna untuk mengilustrasikan prinsip pilihan terbatas, opportunity cost, kelangkaan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi This slide introduces the key features about PPFs. The activity that accompanies this presentation seeks to apply PPFs in a slightly different way – focussing on using health resources. Going through the theory at this stage and then following it up with the activity will be useful in developing early understanding of the issues.

Production Possibility Frontiers If it devotes all resources to capital goods it could produce a maximum of Ym. If it devotes all its resources to consumer goods it could produce a maximum of Xm If the country is at point A on the PPF It can produce the combination of Yo capital goods and Xo consumer goods Assume a country can produce two types of goods with its resources – capital goods and consumer goods Senjata If it reallocates its resources (moving round the PPF from A to B) it can produce more consumer goods but only at the expense of fewer capital goods. The opportunity cost of producing an extra Xo – X1 consumer goods is Yo – Y1 capital goods. Ym A Yo These slides introduce the diagrams and then have animation to show how points on the PPF relate to different resource use and allocation. Moving from point A to point B involves sacrificing some capital goods to gain more consumer goods and thus demonstrates the opportunity cost involved. Students doing history can be reminded about the resource allocation decisions taken by Stalin during the 1930s and the subsequent decisions by successive Soviet premiers since the war about what resources are important for a nation like the USSR! (you might of course have to explain a little bit about what the USSR was!) B Y1 Xo X1 Xm beras

.B Production Possibility Frontiers C A It can only produce at points outside the PPF if it finds a way of expanding its resources or improves the productivity of those resources it already has. This will push the PPF further outwards. Production inside the PPF – e.g. point B means the country is not using all its resources senjata C Y1 A .B Yo The next slide allows the lecturer to demonstrate what happens when resources are not used efficiently and production takes place within the PPF. It then allows the expansion of the PPF and can be used to illustrate the issue of economic growth and where opportunity cost does not exist if the economy moves from point A to point C (in a simple context of course – there is always some form of sacrifice of using resources!). Xo X1 beras

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Bentuk Kelembagaan Perekonomian Sumber sejarah dan kebudayaan dari cita-cita rakyat, hasrat dan sikapnya. Sumbar kekayaan alam, berikut iklimnya, Falsafah dari sebagian atau banyak anggota masyarakatnya, Cara berteori rakyat dimasa lampau dan kini mengenai cara mencapai cita-citanya dan tujuan yang dipilihnya, Ekperimen dari rakyat dalam mengejar tujuan ekonomunya.

Sistem ekonomi liberal Vs Sistem ekonomi berencana terpusat Perbedaan pada : kebebasan memilih pekerjaan , kebebasan memilih dibidang konsumsi, Hak pemilikan, Tanggung jawab manager dan pembagian rezeki, Prinsip yang mengatur sikap pengusaha, Cara pembentukan harga,Penentuan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi, Stabilitas

Kelemahan Sistem Ekonomi Pasar Pembagian pendapatan tidak adil dan merata, Tdak mendasarkan hubungan upah atas perikemanusiaan, Kurang mampu menjaga stabilitas, Kurang mampu mengendalikan alat bayar luar negeri, Ekonomi pasar kurang efektip menghadapi perubahan besar, Ekonomi pasar adalah boros, Dalam kenyataannya tidak ada atau jarang ada persaingan sempurna.

Kelemahan Sistem Ekonomi Perencanaan Terpusat Perencanaan dengan pimpinan kurang dapat dilakukan terhadap konsumsi, Pekerja menuntut kebebasan memilih pekerjaan yang disukainya, Pengambil keputusan tidak dapat diharapkan akan melihat dan menanggung segala konsekwensi dari aksi-aksinya, Perencanaan bersifat kurang fleksibel, Bila perencanaan dijalankan ada kemungkinan kurang sempurna di lapangan, Untuk mencapai kesempurnaan, akhirnya perencanaan menjadi mahal.

Sistem Ekonomi Campuran Peran negara yang lebih aktif Peran swasta lebih luas dalam kegiatan ekonomi, Peran perencanaan yang lebih luwes, Pengaturan yang lebih luas terhadap kehidupan ekonomi, Membuat peraturan untuk mempertinggi efisiensi, Menciptakan suasana social ekonomi yang favourable Menjaga persaingan bebas dan menghapus monopoli Menjalankan sendiri kegiatan ekonomi Memproduksi barang masyarakat, Memproduksi barang semi masyarakat, Memproduksi barang privat, Menjalankan kebijaksanaan moneter dan fiskal

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