PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA TOPIK: HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

APA SENGKETA ITU? Menurut PCIJ dalam kasus Mavromatis Palestine Concessions, 1924, mengatakan bahwa “dispute as a disagreement over a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons (states).” A distinction is sometimes made between legal and political disputes or justiciable or non-justiciable disputes.

CARA MENYELESAIKAN SENGKETA Cara kekerasan Retorsi Tindakan balas dendam yang dilakukan oleh suatu negara atas tindakan yang tidak pantas dari negara lain. Contoh: pemutusan hubungan diplomatik, pencabutan hak imunitas atau penarikan dari dari keanggotaan organisasi Reprisal Tindakan balasan dari suatu negara atas tindakan yang tidak sah atau melanggar hukum dari negara lain kepadanya. Contoh: embargo, blokade, boikot The right of self-defense Tindakan suatu negara kepada negara lain dengan alasan mempertahankan diri. Contoh: melindungi warganegara dan properti di luar negeri Cara damai Non litigasi Litigasi

PENGATURAN DALAM PIAGAM PBB Pasal 2 Ayat 3: “All members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered.” Pasal 33 Ayat 1: “The parties to any dispute, the continuance which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, mediation, inquiry, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangement or other peaceful means of their choice.” Pasal 2 Ayat 4: “All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the UN.”

PENYELESAIAN DI LEVEL REGIONAL The Organisation of African Unity Pasal 19: “Principle of the peaceful settlement of disputes by negotiation, mediation, conciliation and arbitration.” The Organisation of American States Pasal 23: “International disputes between member states must be submitted to the Organisation for peaceful settlement.” The European Union Mengadopsi the European Convention for Peaceful Settlement of Disputes  “Legal disputes are to be sent to the ICJ while other disputes are to go to arbitration, unless the parties have agreed to accept conciliation.”

PENYELESAIAN MELALUI PBB Dewan Keamanan PBB Bab VI: (non-binding) – “the SC may investigate any dispute or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute.” Bab VII: (binding upon UN Members) – “the SC has more power to decide what measures are to be taken in situation involvng “threats to the peace, breaches of the peace or act of aggression.” Sekretaris Jenderal PBB Pasal 99 Piagam PBB: “He is entitled to bring to the attention of the SC any matter which he thinks may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security.” Fungsi utamanya adalah memberikan “good offices”

PENYELESAIAN SECARA DAMAI (NON-LITIGASI) Negosiasi Perundingan secara langsung tanpa kehadiran pihak ke 3 Sederhana dan sering dilakukan oleh negara-negara yang memiliki hubungan baik Mediasi Perundingan dengan bantuan pihak ke 3, baik perorangan, organisasi atau negara Mediator bersifat aktif dalam perundingan karena memberikan nasehat terkait dengan masalah dalam sengketa Keberadaan mediator adalah hasil kesepakatan para pihak Nasehat yang disampaikan oleh mediator tidak mengikat para pihak Good Offices Melibatkan pihak ke 3, kewenangan ini biasanya ditujukan kepada Sekjen PBB Tujuannya untuk membujuk para pihak masuk dalam perundingan Good Offices akan berhenti ketika para pihak sepakat untuk berunding Good offices tidak ikut berpartisipasi dalam perundingan Tawaran good offices tidak mengikat para pihak

LANJUTAN… Inquiry Konsiliasi Inquiry adalah penyelidikan Kebanyakan sengketa internasional melibatkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang fakta-fakta Dibentuknya Komisi Inquiry yang bersifat ad hoc atas kesepakatan para pihak yang bersengketa untuk menemukan fakta-fakta yang menyebabkan terjadinya sengketa dan menyiapkan penyelesaian yang lebih baik Meskipun temuan tidak mengikat tetapi hampir sebagian besar temuan dari Komisi Inquiry diterima dan diakui Konsiliasi Konsiliasi adalah gabungan antara inquiry dan mediasi Komisi Inquiry melakukan penyelidikan terhadap fakta-fakta dan menyampaikan kepada para pihak dengan memberikan saran penyelesaiannya Konsiliasi bisa terdiri dari beberapa konsiliator atau konsiliator tunggal Meskipun sifatnya tidak mengikat tetapi dalam praktiknya konsiliasi dapat mengikat para pihak

LANJUTAN… Arbitrase Dasar hukum: Konvensi Den Haag 1899 tentang Penyelesaian Sengketa secara Damai  “the settlement of the differences between states by judges of their own choice and on the basis of respect for law” Dalam hubungannya dengan negara, penyelesaian arbitrase berkaitan dengan interpretasi suatu perjanjian internasional Dalam hubungannya dengan komersial, penyelesaian arbitrase merupakan perwujudan dari asas kebebasan berkontrak Putusan arbitrase dalam bidang komersial adalah final tetapi tidak mengikat, artinya masih dimungkinkan adalanya revisi, interpretasi lanjutan atau bahkan pembatalan

PENYELESAIAN SECARA DAMAI (LITIGASI) Penyelesaian dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Internasional atau ICJ Jurisdiksi ICJ: Menyelesaikan contentious case Memberikan advisory opinion Yang berwenang menyelesaikan sengketa di ICJ  Pasal 34 Statuta ICJ: “Only States may be parties in cases before the Court.” Kewenangan atau yurisdiksi ICJ tidak mengikat atau fakultatif karena harus mendapatkan persetujuan terlebih dahulu dari negara-negara yang bersengketa

KEWENANGAN ATAU YURISDIKSI ICJ Pasal 36 Statuta ICJ: The jurisdiction of the Court comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force. The states parties to the present Statute may at any time declare that they recognize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other state accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the Court in all legal disputes concerning: a. the interpretation of a treaty; b. any question of international law; c. the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation; d. the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.

SUMBER HUKUM DALAM MEMUTUS OLEH HAKIM ICJ Pasal 38 Statuta ICJ: The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.

PUTUSAN ICJ Pasal 59 Statuta ICJ: “The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case.” Pasal 60 Statuta ICJ: “The judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe it upon the request of any party.”

PELAKSANAAN PUTUSAN ICJ Pasal 94 Piagam PBB: Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party. If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment.

ADVISORY OPINION Pasal 65 Statuta ICJ: The Court may give an advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations to make such a request. Questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court is asked shall be laid before the Court by means of a written request containing an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is required, and accompanied by all documents likely to throw light upon the question.