PRODI S1 FISIOTERAPI & FAKULTAS FISIOTERAPI ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PERTEMUAN 11 ABDUL CHALIK MEIDIAN PRODI S1 FISIOTERAPI & FAKULTAS FISIOTERAPI

KEMAMPUAN AKHIR YANG DIHARAPKAN Mahasiswa mampu memahami tentang integritas akademik dalam proses penelitian

Academic Integrity Prinsip-prinsip moral yang diterapkan dalam lingkungan akademik, terutama yang terkait dengan kebenaran, keadilan, kejujuran

WHY DO PEOPLE CHEAT? Do different reasons call for different responses? Ignorance → appropriate response? Fear/panic → appropriate response? Desire to succeed at any cost → appropriate response? Egocentrism/indifference → appropriate response? Immoral behaviour → appropriate response? Should we be treating a bad person differently from a frightened or confused person?

Why does it occur? Poor supervision Too much work Lack of time Lack of training Lack of interest Incentives Fame and fortune Prove a held theory Cut corners

Jenis Academic Misconduct Plagiarisme Kecurangan Kolusi Falsifikasi Deceit

Definisi research misconduct "Research Misconduct" means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scholarly community for proposing, conducting, publishing or otherwise reporting research. It does not include honest error or honest differences in interpretations or judgments of data. http://www.ncsu.edu/sparcs/policy/references/interim.html

Definisi research misconduct (Office of Research Integrity, US DHHS) Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in: proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.

Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or Fabrication reporting them

Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

Definisi Plagiarisme Taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of another, without acknowledgment and with the intention that they be taken as the work of the deceiver (American Association of University Professors; 1989, cited from Roig M) Appropriating an idea (eg explanation, a theory, a conclusion, a hypothesis, a metaphod) in whole or in part, or with superficial modifications without giving credit to its originator … including self-plagiarism

Contoh Plagiarisme Original text: “Minor league baseball historically is as American as drive-in movies and Fourth of July parades. It is still small-town U.S.A., in feel if not in fact” (Rielly 206). Plagiarized version: Baseball’s minor leagues are historically as American as drive-in movies and Fourth of July parades seen in small-town USA.

Contoh baik : Original text: Parafrase dengan sitasi: One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001) Parafrase dengan sitasi: There remains debate as to where HIV-related tuberculosis can be treated with short course regimens that include rifampin (El-Sadr et al., 2001)

Contoh plagiarisme: Original text: Parafrase tanpa sitasi: One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regiments that include rifampin can effectively and safey treat HIV-related tuberculosis (El-Sadr et al., 2001) Parafrase tanpa sitasi: One of the most important issues that remain controversial is whether 6 months of treatment with regimens that include rifampin can effectively treat HIV-related TB

Implikasi Research Misconduct Biaya 17 kasus research misconduct 2000-2005: US$ 116,160-US$2,192,620 per kasus yang dilaporkan oleh ORI (Gammon and Ranzini, 2013) Sanksi: Artikel, dana penelitian dibatalkan Status sebagai PI, peneliti, mahasiswa dicabut Gelar dibatalkan.. Social cost: kepercayaan masyarakat, reputasi peneliti, reputasi institusi Permendiknas 17 tahun 2010 ttg pencegahan dan penanggulangan plagiat di Perguruan Tinggi

What about honorary and ghost authorship? (Wislar et al., 2011)

Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education’s regulation no 17/2010 on Prevention and Control of Plagiarism: Sanction Warning Written reminder Delay of student’s rights Cancellation of student’s mark Withdraw/No longer stated asa student Withdraw from the status without respect Withdraw of degrees/univ sertificate

Strategi Mencegah

If in doubt, don’t do it…

Tanggungjawab Peneliti Mencegah research misconduct Menjamin integritas penelitian Melaporkan research misconduct Melaporkan yang bersikap menentang terhadap pelaporan research misconduct

Singapore Statement of Research Integrity (World Congress of Research Integrity, 2010) Four Principles Honesty in all aspects of research Accountability in the conduct of research Professional courtesy & fairness in working with others Good stewardship of research on behalf of others

27 Guidelines Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing (Roig M)

Key Guidelines Penulis yang etis selalu menyebutkan kontribusi penulis lain dan sumber ide-idenya Penulis harus berusaha keras untuk memperoleh [membaca langsung] actual published paper Penetapan tim penulis dibahas sebelum melakukan kolaborasi riset dan mengacu pada panduan Ghost author tidak etis, tidak dapat diterima

Key Guidelines Any verbatim text taken from another author must be enclosed in quotation marks. Acknowledge every source that we use; whether we paraphrase it, summarize it, or enclose it quotations. When we summarize, we condense, in our own words, a substantial amount of material into a short paragraph or perhaps even into a sentence.

Key Guidelines Whether we are paraphrasing or summarizing, always identify the source of our information. When paraphrasing and/or summarizing others’ work we must reproduce the exact meaning of the other author’s ideas or facts using our words and sentence structure. In order to make substantial modifications to the original text that result in a proper paraphrase, the author must have a thorough understanding of the ideas and terminology being used.

Key Guidelines A responsible writer has an ethical responsibility to readers, and to the author/s from whom s/he is borrowing, to respect others’ ideas and words, to credit those from whom we borrow, and whenever possible, to use one’s own words when paraphrasing. When in doubt as to whether a concept or fact is common knowledge, provide a citation.

Deteksi Plagiarisme : Academic integrity monitoring system Key Guidelines Deteksi Plagiarisme : Academic integrity monitoring system Revisi, revisi dan revisi…

‘Many people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character’ Albert Einstein

Referensi Utarini, A. 2014. Materi pelatihan penelitian (ppt). UGM Yogyakarta