FAST HUG : ICU Prophylaxis

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Transcript presentasi:

FAST HUG : ICU Prophylaxis OLEH : Faundra arieza Firdaus Anasthesiologi dan terapi itensif RSSA Saiful Anwar

Prof Jean-Louis Vincent Intensive care at University of Brussels HISTORY Prof Jean-Louis Vincent Intensive care at University of Brussels

PLAY THE IMPORTANT ROLES !! Reduce errors Encourages teamwork Help improves the quality of care received by intensive care patient

Outline of presentation Goal Review communications Check ventilator settings & mode Care of ETT General Care - FAST HUG - FAST HUGSBID Oral, Eyes & Skin Care Sleep Radiation Physiotherapy Monitoring Infection control Educate patient & family

Goals of Monitoring & Managing the ventilated patient Pastikan jalan napas paten Pastikan oksigenasi dan ventilasi yang memadai Menjaga stabilitas hemodinamik Memahami Interpretasi alarm ventilator & cara kerjanya Mencegah infeksi Mencegah komplikasi yang terkait dengan posisi tidur selama pasien di rawat

REVIEW COMMUNICATIONS

1) Komunikasi antara tenaga medis ~ meningkatka hasil yang optimal untuk kondisi pasien ~ mencari tahu tujuan terapi untuk pasien ~ indikasi untuk ventilasi mekanik ~ indikasi masuk ICU ~ Status kapan kita boleh melakukan resusitasi ? 2) Komunikasi dengan pasien ~ menyediakan alat tulis atau papan komunikasi, sehingga pasien dapat mengungkapkan kebutuhannya

Check Ventilator Settings & Modes Mengetahui cara kerja ventilator Membiasakan dengan alarm ventilator dan respon untuk tindakan Menyiapkan tas resusitasi dan obat resusitasi Mengetahui teknik untuk hiperventilasi dan preoxygenasi Provides/restore adequate ventilation when patient or equipment problems require patient removed from ventilator.

Check following settings: Respiratory rate Fraction of inspired oxygen ( fio2) Tidal volume Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) Ventilator mode of patient: Ventilator itself Respiratory flow sheet PIP – the pressure needed to provide each breath. Target below 30cm H20. High indicate a kinked tube, need for suctioning, bronchospasm,e.g. pulmonaryh edema or pneumothorax.

Care of ETT Memastikan posisi yang benar Menjaga tube ETT Menjaga tekanan Cuff ETT Mencurigai kebocoran Mencurigai adanya plack di ETT Suctioning

Size of ETT 7.0- 7.5mm for 8.0- 9.0mm for Larger ETT in Asthma, COPD Tube position, confirmed by: Clinical examination  5 point auscultation Photo Thoraks

SUCTIONING General suctioning recommendation: Suction only as needed –not according to a schedule. Hyperoxygenate the patient BEFORE & AFTER suctioning to help prevent O2 desaturation Don’t instill normal saline into the ETT in an attempt to promote secretion removal 2004 American Association for respiratory care CPG Limit suctioning pressure to the lowest level needed to remove secretions Suction for the shortest duration possible

Type of suction Open suction Closed suction

Occlude catheter while passing in Fresh cathether with every use Preoxygenate with 100% o2 Suction cycle < 20s Occlude catheter while passing in membersihkan cateter dengan air steril Repeat if required Open suction

Closed suction Use in hypoxic patient ( FiO2 >0.6), PEEP > 10 Multi drug infection infections

Monitor BP, HR,SPO2 &Arryhtmias ** Combine suction with physiotherapy & postural drainage Monitor BP, HR,SPO2 &Arryhtmias

GENERAL CARE FAST HUG FAST HUGS BID

F A S T H U G

FAST HUG digunakan di unit perawatan intensif (ICU) untuk membantu team medis dalam persiapan untuk evaluasi kondisi pasien, membantu mengidentifikasi dan mencegah kesalahan pengobatan, meningkatkan keselamatan pasien, dan memaksimalkan intervensi terapeutik Setidaknya minimal dilakukan 1x sehari Dapat digunakan sebagai informasi yang berkala untuk setiap team tenaga medis di ICU

GENERAL CARE F = Feeding A = Analgesic S = Sedation T = Thromboembolic prophylaxis H= Head- of- bed elevation U= Stress Ulcer prevention G= Glucose control

F = Feeding

Rekommended Intake (g/kg/day) Healty adult, normal organ fungtion Malnutrisi dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi dan dapat pula memberikan penurunan kondisi pada pasien kritis In general, 20- 25 kcal/kg/day Disarankan Sedini mungkin , (24-48 jam) Clinical Condition Rekommended Intake (g/kg/day) Healty adult, normal organ fungtion O,8 Post operative 1,0 – 1,5 Sepsis 1,2 – 1,5 Multiple trauma 1,3 – 1,7 Major burn 1,8 – 2,5 Guidelines for Protein Intake in Adults The ASPEN nutrition support practice manual. Silver Spring MD, 1998. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition  

A = Analgesic penyakit yang sudah ada sebelumnya, prosedur invasif, luka traumatik, perangkat monitoring invasif dan non-invasif, perawatan rutin dan imobilitas berkepanjangan. Rangsangan ini dapat mempengaruhi pemulihan fisiologis dan psikologis yang mengarah ke tidur yang tidak memadai, disfungsi paru dan respon stres akut yang dapat bermanifestasi sebagai imunosupresi, hiperkoagulabilitas, katabolisme protein peningkatan konsumsi oksigen miokard. tingkat nyeri menjadi tanda vital kelima

Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale:

Visual Analog Scale: 1 10 Verbal Rating Scale: 0 = No Pain, 10 = Worst pain ever

Pharmacological therapies to relieve pain included: opioids non opioids Continuous infusion of analgesic drugs or regularly administered doses are more effective than bolus doses given as “needed” I.V. administration of analgesic allows closer and more rapid titration to patients needs than I.M. or subcutaneous administration. Care should be taken to ensure analgesic is adequate but not excessive.

S = Sedation No rules governing how much to give & how often. Sedative administration must be titrated individual. ( Calm, comfortable and collaboration) rule help to determine whether patients are appropriately sedated. Daily discontinuation of sedation may reduce the length of ICU stay Kress et al

-2 to +1

T = Thromboembolic prophylaxis

T – Thromboembolic Prophylaxis Sering dilupakan, Kematian dan morbiditas disebabakan thromboembolism Paasien yang tidak mendapatkan prophylaxis, resiko terkana DVT sekitar 13-31% Di rekomendasikan penggunaan heparin kecuali ada kontraindikasi

Metode yang efektif masih belum jelas Manfaat profilaksis harus dipertimbangkan terhadap resiko komplikasi

H= Head- of- bed elevation

A randomised trial. Lancet 1999 Several studies demonstrated that having the head of bed inclined at 45 degrees can decrease the risk incidence of gastroesophageal reflux. reduce rate of nosocomial pneumonia. A randomised trial. Lancet 1999

U= Stress Ulcer prevention Pencegahan stress ulkus penting , terutama untuk pasien yang beresiko pendarahan gastrointestinal Masih belum didapatkan obat yang optimal Ranititidien lebih signifikan daripada sukralfat untuk mencegah pendarahan gastrointestinal Multicenter study by Cook et al

G= Glucose control

Menjaga kadar gula di bawah 8.3 mmol/L sesuai pedoman surviving sepsis Dari penelitian, dipadatkan 29,3% penurunan kematian dan 10% penurunan hari perawatan yang dibutuhkan di ICU Krinsley

FAST HUGSBID S = Spontaneous Breathing Trial B = Bowel Care I = Indwelling Catheter removal D = De-escalation of Antibiotitcs

S = Spontaneous Breathing Trial Penilaian secara berkala merupakan metode yang aman, efektif dan sangat terprediksi untuk menentukan SBT Penggunaan secara lama ventilator dapat meningkatkan resiko ventilator assosiated pnemonia

WEANING: Readiness pengurangan bantuan hingga penghentian pemberian therapi oksigen ventilasi mekanik karena kebutuhan ventilasi pasien terpenuhi. Tujuan : Mempersingkat kebutuhan ventilasi mekanik sehingga resiko untuk terjadi infeksi nosokomial dapat diminimalisir dan lama perawatan pasen di ruang intensif dapat dipersingkat.

Latar Belakang : Ventilasi mekanik merupakan terapi pernafasan yang sering digunakan di unit perawatan intensif (ICU). Jika penyebab gagal nafas teratasi, maka perhatian diutamakan untuk segera melepaskan pasien dari ventilasi mekanik (penyapihan dari ventilasi mekanik). Tujuan : Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari korelasi antara RSBI rate ≤ 20 % dengan luaran penyapihan dari ventilasi mekanik dan mengevaluasi sensitivitas dan spesifisitas RSBI rate ≤ 20 % sebagai prediktor keberhasilan penyapihan dari ventilasi mekanik dengan batasan RSBI ≤ 100 Metode : Rancangan penelitian adalah observasional prospektif deskriptif dengan besar populasi subyek penelitian 40 pasien yang menggunakan ventilasi mekanik di ICU RSUP Dr. Sardjito yang memenuhi kriteria weaning untuk dilakukan percobaan nafas spontan dengan T-piece. Pengukuran RSBI dilakukan dengan cara mengukur laju nafas pasien semenit dibagi dengan volume tidal dalam liter. Laju nafas diukur dengan menghitung laju nafas dalam 1 menit dengan menggunakan jam tangan. Volume tidal diukur dengan menghubungkan ET pasien dengan spirometri portabel selama 3 kali tarikan nafas dan diukur reratanya.Pengukuran RSBI-1 dilakukan saat percobaan nafas spontan dengan Tpiece pada menit ke-1, dan pengukuran RSBI-2 dilakukan pada menit ke-120. RSBI rate adalah besarnya nilai perubahan RSBI dengan menggunakan perhitungan [ (RSBI-2 – RSBI-1) ] /RSBI 1 x 100 % Hasil: Dari 40 pasien didapatkan 36 pasien (90 %) nilai RSBI rate ≤ 20 %, 4 pasien (10 %) nilai RSBI rate > 20 %. Dari 36 pasien yang nilai RSBI rate ≤ 20 %, 35 pasien berhasil dan 1 pasien gagal dilakukan penyapihan dari ventilasi mekanik. Sedangkan 4 pasien dengan nilai RSBI rate > 20 % menunjukkan 3 pasien gagal, 1 pasien berhasil dilakukan penyapihan dari ventilasi mekanik. RSBI rate ≤ 20 % mempunyai sensitivitas 97 %, spesifisitas 75 %, nilai prediksi positif 97 % dan nilai prediksi negatif 75 %. RSBI rate ≤ 20 % berkorelasi positif sangat kuat dan kuat dengan keberhasilan penyapihan dari ventilasi mekanik berdasarkan korelasi Pearson dengan nilai r 0,803 untuk yang berhasil dilakukan penyapihan ventilasi mekanik dan nilai r 0,773 untuk yang gagal dilakukan penyapihan ventilasi mekanik. Kesimpulan: RSBI rate ≤ 20 % berkorelasi positif secara signifikan dengan keberhasilan penyapihan dari ventilasi mekanik. Kata kunci: Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI), RSBI Rate, Penyapihan Dari Ventilasi Mekanik

During weaning trial all patient must be observed Closely to identify the existence of “ distress” High RR Respiratory patern ( paradox, nasal flaring) Low VT Drop in O2 saturation < 90% Increased hr ( > 20% from baseline) Anxiety, agitation, diaphoresis Somnolence

B = Bowel Care

B = Bowel Care Ganguaan GI motilitas termasuk ileus, constipasi dan diare merupakan penyakit umum yang didapatkan pada pasien kritis Penilain rutin dan terapi untuk mempertahankan fungsi normal usus harus dilakukan pada semua pasien kritis

I = Indwelling Catheter removal Merupakan cateter urine, vena central, arteri pulmonalis dan dialisis yang sering kita jumpai pada pasien kritis Dikarenakan alat yang mengubungkan (dalam tubuh ke luar tubuh) >>> resiko infeksi Diperlukan menjaga kebersihan dan perawatan berkala untuk menurunkan resiko infeksi

D = De-escalation of Antibiotitcs/Streamlining Secepat mungkin dilakukan untuk pengambilan kulture, agar mendapatkan terapi antibiotik yang sesuai dan optimal meminimalkan paparan obat antimicrobial broad-spectrum

Oral, Eyes & Skin care

Oral Care preferably 8 hourly Remove oral airway Move ET tube to opposite corner Clear mouth of all secretions Paint mouth with 2% chlorhexidine ** Reduces rates of VAP

Eye Care Moisol eyes drop Tape both eyes in paralysed pt Appropriate antibiotic drops

Skin Care improves circulation Daily Bath makes patient comfortable & fresh improves circulation Observe skin daily for redness, injuries, swelling, rashes or other infections & bony prominences for bed sore. Cut short the finger & toe nails Hair care- Shampoo as required Back care- Apply olive oil from shoulders to buttocks with brisk circular movement

SLEEP IN ICU Environmental factors Pathophysiological factors Cause of sleep deprivation in ICU: Environmental factors Pathophysiological factors

Enviromental factors Noise Lighting practices Pt care activities Diagnostic procedures Sedatives Analgesics

Pathophysiological factors Stress Organ dysfunction Inflammatory response Pain Psychosis

Integrated strategy to promote sleep in the intensive care unit: Noise reduction ( < 50dB) Diurnal lighting practices Use of sleep- promoting pharmacologic agent Minimizing use of pharmacologic agents inhibiting sleep Uninterrupted time for adequate sleep Appropriate physiologic support Active promotion of patient orientation Patient- ventilator synchrony Relaxation techniques

RADIATION

A daily CXR is indicated for pt with acute cardiopulmonary problems & for patients on mechanical ventilation. In pt with a central venous catheter, a Swan- Ganz catheter, Feeding tube, chest tube placement, only post procedure radiographs indicated. Stable cardiac monitoring pt & those with purely extrathoracic disease require only admission films upon entry to ICU, unless clinical condition demands. American College Of Radiology

PHYSIOTHERAPY Specialized job Round the clock Continuum from preventing respiratory failure, to managing pt on ventilator to pt who have been weaned Prevented complications related to MV Percussion, vibration, change of position, postural drainage ,suction for chest physiotherapy Limb physiotherapy

MONITORING

VENTILATION OXYGENATION HEMODYNAMIC URINE OUTPUT ABG

Infection Control Measures Control of the reservoirs of infection Interruption of the transmission of bacteria from person to person Individual device related measures Staff education Surveillance Regular audit

Control of the reservoirs of infection Disinfection of pt area/bay between pt ( include bed, monitor, ventilator, other equipment, furniture, floor , walls) Appropriate sterilization of reusable equipment Appropriate disposal of disposable equipment including sharps Appropriate surveillance of personnel as reservoirs.

Cross contamination Put on gloves before handling respiratory secretions @ contaminated objects. Wash hands with soap & water or an alcohol- based antiseptic hand rub before & after contact with mucous membrane, respiratory secretions, or contaminated objects and before and after contact with pt with respiratory device. Wear gown when you anticipate being soiled with respiratory secretions and change it before caring for another patient.

Between their uses on different patients, sterilize or subject to high-level disinfection reusable hand- powered resuscitation bags ( AMBU)

In addition to routine hand hygiene the following should also be considered in ventilated pt: Intubation: If elective- standard handwash + sterile gloves Emergency – handrub + sterile gloves Suctioning : Alcohol hand rub before & after procedure Clean glove Bronch: Surgical hand/forearm scrub Full sterile field, gown & gloves. Always consider masks, splash guard & eyewear ( PPE) Full chlorhexidine handwash if accidental exposure to secretions.

Educate family & patient Seeing a loved one attached to mechanical ventilation frightening. To ease distress in pt & family, teach them why mechanical ventilation is needed & emphasize the positive outcomes it can provide. Explain what you are doing Communicate desired outcomes so the patient & family can actively participate in the plan of care.

REFERENCE Give your patient a fast hug ( at least) once a day Jean- Louis Vincent, MD, PhD,FFCM [PPT] Care of the ventilated patient: FAST HUG-SBID Critically ill patients need “FAST HUGS BID” ( an update mnemonic) Top 10 Care Essentials for ventilator Patients Evidence-based Interventions and Teamwork are crucial when caring for patients on Mechanical Ventilators, Laura C. Parker,MSN,RN,CCRN