Programmes designed for the activation of youth through entrepreneurship Active citizents combating youth unemployment International conference Eger, Hungary Nov-2013 dr. Agnieszka Klucznik-Törő, Poland

Aim, thesis, questions  Aim: to get insight into the youth unemployment situation in Poland and to show the most important tools applied by the educational institutions and by the policy makers to balance the labour market inequalities  Thesis:  The main reason of the relatively high Polish youth unemployment is low labour demand.  The inequalities in the labour market can be balanced by advanced education, entrepreneurial programmes and financial support for young entrepreneurs.  Main questions: 1. What does youth employability mean and what does it depend on? 2. How Polish political and academic sphere cope with the implementation of the youth employability process? 3. How to combat youth unemployment in Poland through entrepreneurship? dr.Aga Törő, ICE

1. What does youth employability mean/ depend on ? dr.Aga Törő, ICE State of the labour market Socio- economic factors with improvements of Aga Törő (2013)

Source: The Economist, downloaded: Nov 5th 2013www.economist.com dr.Aga Törő, ICE 2. How political and academic sphere cope with the implementation of the youth employability process?

Source: Eurostat, Youth Unemployment Rate Chart Youth unemployment in Poland dr.Aga Törő, ICE

Source: Eurostat, with own calcullations dr.Aga Törő, ICE

 Importance to boost youth entrepreneurship  Entrepreneurship - ability to Discover, Select, Process, Interpret and use the necessary Data to take Decisions in an uncertain world and, then, to exploit market opportunities.  The main factors affecting entrepreneurial ability are:  certain personal characteristics, i.e. creativity, imagination, degree of risk aversion, alertness,  competences acquired through  formal education  on-the-job experience.  tacit knowledge embedded in the life environment 3. How to combat youth unemployment in Poland through entrepreneurship? dr.Aga Törő, ICE

 Money? Culture? Incubation of resources? Human capital? 1st factor: Advanced education supports entrepreneurial entry through:  The acquisition of skills –students have more chances to develop necessary skills important for an entrepreneur, especially critical thinking, communication and teamwork,  Providing an access to certain social networks,  Serve as a positive signal for nascent entrepreneurs when evaluated by resource providers, e.g. business angels, venture capitalists.  Sorting people by ambition and assertiveness.  50% of Polish youth participate in HE (!) What could be the most important in boosting youth entrepreneurship in Poland? dr.Aga Törő, ICE

 2nd factor: It was confirmed while testing the effect of entrepreneurship programmes on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention of students that:  Inspiration (and not learning or resource-utilisation) was the entrepreneurial programme's benefit related to the increase of subjective norm and intention towards self-employment.  Entrepreneurship programmes:  Human Capital Operational Programme  30 minus programme (since 2010)  Youth in the labour market programme (since 2012)  Sub-programme „Your career-your choice”  The First Job programme (2002)  First Business programme (2005) dr.Aga Törő, ICE

 3rd factor - Work experience - gives and access to: social networks, market information, capital, potential customers.  Compulsor y internship at 1st, 2nd and 3rd level of HE dr.Aga Törő, ICE

 Employability  Insufficient labour demand -> entrepreneurial programmes  Entrepreneurship  3 factors important for boosting youth entrepreneurship:  Advanced education,  Entrepreneurship programmes,  Work experience. dr.Aga Törő, ICE Summary

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