Ir. Nurly Gofar, MSCE, PhD Program Studi Teknik Sipil Program Pascasarjana Universitas Bina Darma Sem Ganjil 2018/2019 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

Sesi 3, 4, 5 Steps of Research Step 1: Problem Formulation Step 2: Literature Review Step 3: Variables & Making Hypothesis

Steps of Research Step 1: Problem Formulation Step 2: Literature Review Step 3:

Step 1 Problem Formulation Define Research Gaps Forming Research Questions / Develop Hypotheses Selection / Narrowing

Defining Research Gaps The research GAP should be based on Personal (practical) experiences. Critical study of the literature. Interaction with others. Feasibility : Is the problem researchable (given the size, time and capability? Is it worthwhile (contribution) Definite Statement, examples: The major focus of this research is to analyze ….. The central problem of this study is to predict ….. The principle goal of this study is to identify …..

Good research questions have four essential characteristics: feasible, clear, significant & ethical. Generally written in question form. The question should: Guide subsequent work Influence information gathering Guide data analyses Influence the content of the writing Features of researchable questions: Answerable : whether they will develop enough new knowledge to justify the time, effort and expense of investigating. Not just one question! Defined operationally Need answering Thus it focuses the efforts, minimizes false starts, save time and unnecessary work Forming Research Questions

Forming Research Questions (Cont’d) Possible approaches to construct research questions Examining or analyzing Evaluating or criticizing Comparing and contrasting Relating (establish relationships among ideas) Arguing or persuading (argue for or against something) Research Question, examples: Is A related to B? How are A and B related to C? How A is related to B under condition C and D?

Selection of Topic Interest: If you are not interested in the area you want to research, what will the quality of the product be like? By being interested, you are more likely to read widely on the topic and have more thorough knowledge of the situation. Size: A problem is often too large when it is first considered. Further analysis can reduce large problem into a smaller, manageable research problem. Economy: Research are often confronted with practical constraints, not the least of which are time and money. If your problem situation is macro in size, is it possible for you to find the answers to your question? Do you have enough time and money?

Selection Capabilities and Limitations: A researcher should not be too ambitious and must recognize your own capabilities. Wise, especially at prior planning stage to seek advice from more experienced persons. If inexperienced in educational research, then it is highly likely that you will need some guidance. Uniqueness: Findings from research should contribute to body of knowledge already in existence, not merely duplicate existing study. However, to pursue a study similar to one already in existence but change the methods used, or modify the design, or use a different sample, or choose to perform different statistical analyses.

Tugas untuk Sesi 3 Tentukan satu atau dua topik yang ingin anda gunakan sebagai topik riset saudara. Bicarakan dengan salah satu dosen untuk mendapatkan pendapatnya apakah topik tersebut feasible. Tuliskan topik anda dan hasil diskusi tersebut (maximum setengah halaman kertas)