English Assignment Modal Verb 8 th Group 1.Fadila El Husna ( ) 2.Kelvin ( ) 3.Muhammad Ilham ( ) 4.Rizka Zulhiaswan ( ) 5.Zahid Hamidi ( )

What are modal verbs? They are Auxiliary verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to the main verb of the sentence Can Could May Might Must Shall Should Ought to Will Would

How do we use modals? S+Modal+verb Example: Tono could play footbal NB: They do not accept conjugation They do not need other auxiliary verbs

Form There is no “s” in singular There is no “do / does” in the question There is no “don’t / doesn’t” in the negative Modal verbs do not have infinitives or –ing forms Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to Modal verbs do not have all the tenses Modal verbs use other verbs to complete the tenses Can is completed with be able to Must is completed with have to

A. Can and Could The function of can and could : Are modal auxiliary verbs that express an ability, permission, request, offer or opportunity

FunctionCanCould Expressinng AbilityCan is for expressing present ability Ex: I can ride a bicycle every weekend. Could is for expressing past ability Ex: I could ride bicycle when I was a child. Polite RequestCan is less polite. (used between friends family, or others you have known well) Ex: can I borrow your pen? Could is more polite Ex: could you help me, please?

Difference Between Can and Could CanCould Offer Ex: can I be of any help? suggestion (more polite) Ex: we could write a letter to the president. Permission (give and ask) Ex: you can put oover there Permission (more polite) Ex: could I ask you a personal question? Ability (present) Ex: I can drive a car Ability (past) Ex: when I was a child, I could spoke Germany. Possiblity Ex: she can be really sad Possibility Ex: he could be the one who stole the money Request Ex: can you be quite? Request (more polite) Ex: could I borrow your pensil, please?

B. May and Might

FunctionMay and Might PossibilityEx:  I May watch a movie tonight  It Might rain later so take an umbrella Give PermissionEx :  You May have another cookie if you like  You May open the window if you want Ask for permissionEx  May I borrow your pen please?  May I have some water please? Express wishesEx:  May you both live a long and happy life  May the new year bring your happines Happens in certain situationsEx:  These tablets may produce side effects  Kids may be scared by these images Speculate about past actionsEx:  She is late. She may have missed her plane  Your comment may have offended people

Difference between May and Might MayMight May is a modal verb that express possibility and grant permission Might is considered to be the past form of may May is used to ask for and grant permissionMight is only use to ask for permission May is used to talk about a possibility that is likely to come true Might is used to talk about a possibility that is unlikely to come true May is more polite than canMight is more polite and formal than may May can be used to express wishes and hopesMight is not used to express wishes and hopes

C. Must and Ought to Uses of must Must is used to express ideas such as compulsion, obligation or duty. It is much stronger than should. 1.We must love our country. 2.They must recognize our rights. 3.He must pay the fine. Must can be used to talk about necessity. 1.We must get up early. 2.I must improve my writing skills. 3.Must we go now? Must can express probability or logical certainty. 1.She must have already left. 2.He must be mad to do this. 3.Oh, there is the door bell; that must be the postman.

Uses of ought Ought expresses ideas such as duty, necessity and moral obligation. It is not as forceful as must, but it is stronger than should. 1.You ought to be punctual. 2.We ought to help the poor. 3.You ought to visit your friends once in a while. Ought generally points to present and future time. It can point to past time when it is followed by the perfect infinitive (have + past participle). 1.You ought to have helped him. (It was your duty to help him but you didn’t.)

Difference Between Must and Ought To 1. Meaning OUGHT TO Ought to is mainly used when we talk of a moral obligation or duty. OUGHT TO Ought to is mainly used when we talk of a moral obligation or duty. MUST Must is used to express the 'need of the hour' or necessity, which has to be done. MUST Must is used to express the 'need of the hour' or necessity, which has to be done. BASIS FOR COMPARISON

2. Nature MUST Legal MUST Legal OUGHT TO Formal OUGHT TO Formal 3. Degree of Emphasis MUST Highest MUST Highest OUGHT TO Comparatively High

Example: 1. We ought to book our railway tickets. 2. You must follow the steps properly to get the desired outcome. 3. She ought to tell the facts. 4. We must pursue our dreams. 5. They ought not to come my home at this time. 6. You must take care of your belongings. Example: 1. We ought to book our railway tickets. 2. You must follow the steps properly to get the desired outcome. 3. She ought to tell the facts. 4. We must pursue our dreams. 5. They ought not to come my home at this time. 6. You must take care of your belongings.

D. Shall and Should ModalExampleFunction ShallShall I get the phone? Or will you? Shall a call a cab? Shall we say 9pm Amy’s then? Asking what to do Offer Suggestion ShouldYou should see a doctor, you don’t look well We should get a specialist Salaries should go up next year Advice Recommending action Uncertain prediction

“Should” expresses that some action is correct for someone. For example, You should get more sleep. A. It expresses probability. For example, You should have reached the office by now. B. It expresses consequences and conditions. For example, Should he have any problems, I will be there to help. C. Expressing somebody’s views from the past about the future. For example, It was decided from the start that the school should be used to educate underprivileged students. D. It is used to make harsh words more polite. For example, I should expect you to apologize now “Should” expresses that some action is correct for someone. For example, You should get more sleep. A. It expresses probability. For example, You should have reached the office by now. B. It expresses consequences and conditions. For example, Should he have any problems, I will be there to help. C. Expressing somebody’s views from the past about the future. For example, It was decided from the start that the school should be used to educate underprivileged students. D. It is used to make harsh words more polite. For example, I should expect you to apologize now Difference Between Shall and Should Meanings and usages

“Shall” means something that is intended to take place in the future. For example, He shall be the CEO of the company by next year. A. It expresses determination. For example, I shall overcome all the hindrances in my way. B. It expresses certain laws and rules. For example, The government shall declare an emergency. C. For formal writing, “shall” is used to express the future tense. “Shall” means something that is intended to take place in the future. For example, He shall be the CEO of the company by next year. A. It expresses determination. For example, I shall overcome all the hindrances in my way. B. It expresses certain laws and rules. For example, The government shall declare an emergency. C. For formal writing, “shall” is used to express the future tense.

E. Will and Would What does will mean? Will can be a noun, in which case it has various meanings. In this article, though, I will be concerned with will as a verb.Will is a modal auxiliary verb, where it describes an action that is expected to take place in the future. It modifies many verbs in their future tenses.Will is never past tensenounauxiliary verb Example : 1.Catalina will turn us in at the earliest opportunity. 2.I will sell my car when I can afford to buy a newer one.

What does would mean? Would is another verb with multiple senses. Sometimes, it is the past tenseof will but only under certain conditions.Would describes something that was in the future at the time of the original action, but is no longer in the future now.Would is sometimes past tense.past tense Example : “Jess said she would pick up the pizza,” said Erik.

Difference Between Will and Would Will – to suggest an action or to be able to a.John will go to his second period class tomorrow. (action) b.It will happen. (action) c.She will see the difference. (be able to) d.Eva will not drive the Volkswagen. (not do an action) e.Joe will not study tonight because he has to work. (not be able to) Would – to suggest an action, advice or show possibility in some circumstances a.That would be nice. (advise/possibility/action) b.She would go to the show, but she has too much homework. (action) c.Mike would like to know what you think about his presentation. (action) Will – to suggest an action or to be able to a.John will go to his second period class tomorrow. (action) b.It will happen. (action) c.She will see the difference. (be able to) d.Eva will not drive the Volkswagen. (not do an action) e.Joe will not study tonight because he has to work. (not be able to) Would – to suggest an action, advice or show possibility in some circumstances a.That would be nice. (advise/possibility/action) b.She would go to the show, but she has too much homework. (action) c.Mike would like to know what you think about his presentation. (action)

REFERENCES Azar, Betty Schrampfer English Grammar : Third Edition. New York: Longman. Coghill, Jeffrey and Stacy Magendanz English Grammar. New York: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Murphy, Raymond English Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge University Press. Swan, Michael Practical English Usage. New York: Oxford. Windy Novia, 2000.Basic English Grammar,Jakarta : Gama Press.