Pengantar Matematika Asuransi

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Pengantar Matematika Asuransi Winita Sulandari

What is insurance mathematics? Insurance mathematics is the area of applied mathematics that studies different risks to individuals, property and businesses, and ways to manage these risks.

What is insurance and why do people need insurance?

Asuransi Asuransi adalah sebuah sistem untuk merendahkan kehilangan finansial dengan menyalurkan resiko kehilangan dari seseorang atau badan ke lainnya.

Istilah dalam asuransi Polis Insurer Insured Premi Klaim Risk : averse, neutral and loving/seeking  Perjanjian antara kedua badan  Penanggung: badan yang menerima resiko  Tertanggung: badan yang menyalurkan resiko Biaya yang yang dibayar oleh tertanggung kpd penanggung utk resiko yang ditanggung tindakan untuk memperoleh hak atas kerugian yang diderita oleh seseorang sesuai dengan janji yang tertera di polis asuransi

Jenis asuransi Asuransi jiwa Asuransi kerugian Yang membedakan adalah pada obyek pertanggungannya

Asuransi jiwa Asuransi jiwa dalah perjanjian tentang pemberian santunan dalam jumlah tertentu yang berhubungan dengan hidup matinya seseorang Tujuan asuransi jiwa adalah perlindungan pendapatan (sementara) keluarga (ahli waris) nasabah

Asuransi kerugian Asuransi kerugian adalah asuransi yang memberikan ganti rugi kepada tertanggung yang menderita kerugian barang atau benda miliknya.

Bagaimana dengan asuransi beasiswa? Apa bedanya dengan asuransi jiwa?

Asuransi beasiswa Asuransi beasiswa adalah asuransi yang mengcover resiko biaya sekolah anak, apabila terjadi resiko pada si tertanggung.

Ilustrasi asuransi kerugian

Effect of insurance No LOSS 100.000 LOSS 80.000 Example:

Effect of insurance Prob of loss is 0,5 Expected level of wealth: 90.000 (0,5 x 100.000 + 0,5 x 80.000) Misal : Asuransi 10.000 dengan harga 5.000 premium = insurer’s expected claim cost = 0,5 x 10.000

Effect of insurance Example: * with insurance No LOSS 100000 95000* 80000 85000* Example: * with insurance

Effect of insurance Perhatikan bagan berikut Asuransi wealth (LOSS occurs) wealth (No LOSS occurs)

Risk Aversion, neutral and loving Guaranteed scenario Receives $50 Uncertain scenario Receives $100 or $0 Example: Expected payoff = $50

Risk Aversion, neutral and loving Risk attitudes: Risk averse: Accept a payoff of less than $50 with no uncertainty Taking gamble and possibly receiving nothing

Risk Averse Lebih memilih sesuatu yang lebih pasti, dan meminimalkan resiko Contoh: investor memilih return lbh tinggi utk resiko yang sama atau investor lebih memilih resiko yg lbh rendah utk return yang sama

Risk Aversion, neutral and loving Risk neutral: indifferent between the bet and a certain $50 payment

Risk Aversion, neutral and loving Risk loving (or risk seeking/loss aversion) Guaranteed payment must be more than $50 to induce him to take the guaranteed option, rather than taking gamble and possibly winning $100

Loss aversion Kondisi di mana investor tidak ingin mengalami kerugian sehingga investor tersebut bertindak secara tidak rasional. Mereka lebih memperhatikan kondisi untung atau rugi dan tidak memperhatikan besar kecilnya nilai untung ataupun rugi

Contoh tindakan Loss Averse Mengambil investasi yang berisiko tinggi dengan harapan untuk mengembalikan kerugian yang sudah terjadi. Investor lebih memilih pilihan dg expected return adalah -25% daripada -20% Return -50% dg p=0,5 atau tdk rugi apapun dg p=0,5 Return -20%

Utility theory uncertainty Decision making problem Expected value principle Inadequacy of expected value principle Open and read Bowers, et al (1997) on p. 3-4

Utility theory Utility is often assumed to be a function of profit or final portofolio wealth, with positive first derivative. ` 1. risk seeking 2. risk neutral 3.risk averse

Utility function w : wealth u(w):utility function Linear transformation: u*(w) = au(w) + b, a> 0

Utility function Suppose you face a loss of 20.000 with prob 0,5 and no loss with prob 0,5. What is the max amount G to pay for complete insurance protection? u(20.000-G)=0,5u(20.000)+0,5u(0) =0,5(0) + 0,5(-1) =-0,5

Utility function Utility function can be used to compare economic prospects (X and Y). If decision maker has wealth w, he will select X if E[u(w+X)]>E[u(w+Y)] and indifferent if E[u(w+X)]=E[u(w+Y)]

Insurance and utility Pure or net premium: price for full insurance coverage, i.e expected loss E(X)= Loaded premium: H = (1+a) +c a>0, c>0

Insurance and utility expected utility of not buying insurance, current wealth is w U(w-G) = E[u(w-X)] Expected utility of paying G for complete financial protection

Insurance and utility If owner have u(w) = bw + d with b > 0, owner prefers or indiferrents to the insurance if u(w-G) = b(w-G)+d ≥E[u(w-X)]=E[b(w-X)+d] b(w-G)+d ≥b(w- )+d G ≤ 

Jensen’s inequalities For a random variable X, function u(w) if u”(w)<0 then E[u(X)] ≤ u(E[X]) if u”(w)>0 then E[u(X)] ≥ u(E[X]) Proof: see Bowers, et al (1997) on p. 9

Jensen’s inequality Applying Jensen’s inequality to U(w-G) = E[u(w-X)] We have u(w-G) = E[u(w-X)] ≤ u(w-) because u’(w)>0,u(w) is increasing function w-G ≤ w- G ≥ 

Utility function for the insurer H: acceptable premium; X: random loss u(w)=E[u(w+H-X)] Jensen’s inequality u(w)=E[u(w+H-X)] ≤ u(w+H-) We can conclude that H ≥ 

Exponential utility function Check on page 10-11 u(w) = - exp(-w) for all w and a fixed  > 0 G doesn’t depend on w

Contoh 1 Open and read example 1.3.1 p.11 Diketahui : u(w)= -(exp(-5w)), dan X,Y adlh hsl yg mungkin di capai ? X  N(5,2) Y  N(6,2.5)

Distribusi X lebih disukai daripada distribusi Y Contoh 1 Solution E[u(X)]=-1 > E[u(Y)] = - (exp(1,25)) Dengan demikian, Distribusi X lebih disukai daripada distribusi Y

Family of fractional power utility functions u(w) = w risk averse cek u’(w) dan u’’(w) 

Max amount will pay for complete insurance againts the random loss? Contoh 2 Misal w= 10 dan kehilangan random X UNIF (0,10) Max amount will pay for complete insurance againts the random loss? diperoleh G = 5.5556 , G > E [X]

Family of Quadratic Utility Function u(w) = w - w2 , w < (2)-1 and >0 cek u’(w) dan u’’(w)

u(w-G) = pu(w) + (1-p)u(w-c) Contoh 3 Diketahui: u(w) = w - w2 , w< 50  retain wealth w with prop p and  financial loss with prop (1-p) Sehingga u(w-G) = pu(w) + (1-p)u(w-c)

Contoh 4 Cek Ex 1.3.4 Diketahui: Prop properti tdk ada kerugian : 0,75 Pdf kerugian f(x) = 0,25(0,01exp(-0,01x)), x>0 u(w) = -exp(-0,005w) Hitung: E[X] dan G Cek Ex 1.3.4

Contoh 5 Diskusikan contoh 1.3.5