BUDAYA, KOMUNIKASI, DAN KOMUNIKASI ANTARBUDAYA

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Transcript presentasi:

BUDAYA, KOMUNIKASI, DAN KOMUNIKASI ANTARBUDAYA

Komunikasi ? Komunikasi didefinisikan sebagai apa yang terjadi bila makna diberikan kepada suatu perilaku.

Budaya ? “Budaya adalah keseluruhan kompleks yang meliputi pengetahuan, kepercayaan, seni, moral, hukum, adat-istiadat, dan kemampuan-kemampuan atau kebiasaan-kebiasaan lain yang diperoleh anggota-anggota suatu masyarakat” (E.B. Taylor)

Culture is the rules for living and functioning in society Culture is the rules for living and functioning in society. In other words, cultures provides the rules of playing the game of live (Gudykunst, 2004; Yamada 1997). We learn the rules of our own culture as a matter of course, beginning at birth and continuing throughout life. As the result, the rules are ingrained in our subconscious—we react to familiar situations without thinking.

Fungsi Dasar Budaya Budaya ada untuk melayani kebutuhan vital dan praktis manusia – untuk membentuk masyarakat juga untuk memelihara spesies, menurunkan pengetahuan dan pengalaman berharga ke generasi berikutnya, untuk menghemat biaya dan bahaya dari proses pembelajaran semuanya mulai dari kesalahan kecil selama proses coba-coba – sampai kesalahan fatal” (Sowell)

Cultural rules provide a framework for imparting meaning to events, objects, and people. Cultural rules enable us to make sense of our surroundings and reduce uncertainty about the social environment. Culture also function to instill in us an identity, or sense of self. Our cultural identity is derived from our “sense of belonging to a particular cultural or ethnic group” (Lustig & Koester, 2000).

What you should know about culture… “Budaya adalah komunikasi dan komunikasi adalah budaya” (Hall. 1977) Anda “mempelajari” budaya Anda melalui komunikasi dan pada saat yang bersamaan komunikasi merupakan refleksi budaya Anda. “Tidak ada satu aspek pun pada manusia yang tidak disentuh dan diubah oleh budaya” (Hall) “Budaya berisi tentang bagaimana kita berhubungan dengan orang lain, bagaimana kita berpikir, bagaimana kita bertingkah laku dan bagaimana kita melihat dunia ini” (Rodriguez) “Budaya merujuk pada sekumpulan orang, sementara kepribadian merujuk pada satu pribadi” (Hofstede)

Budaya dan Komunikasi mempunyai hubungan timbal balik, seperti dua sisi dari satu mata uang. “culture is communication” dan “communication is culture” (Edward T. Hall). Budaya menjadi bagian dari perilaku komunikasi, dan pada gilirannya komunikasi pun turut menentukan, memelihara, mengembangkan atau mewariskan budaya.

Budaya-budaya yang berbeda memiliki sistem-sistem nilai-nilai yang berbeda dan karenanya ikut menentukan. Cara kita berkomunikasi sangat bergantung pada budaya kita; bahasa, aturan, dan norma kita masing-masing. Semakin kita mengenal budaya orang lain, semakin terampillah kita memperkirakan ekspektasi orang itu dan memenuhi ekspektasinya tersebut. Perbedaan-perbedaan ekspektasi budaya dapat menimbulkan resiko yang fatal.

Problem yang bisa menimbulkan konflik… Menganggap budaya kita sebagai suatu kemestian dan menggunakannya sebagai standart. Etnosentrisme---”memandang segala sesuatu dalam kelompok sendiri sebagai pusat dari segala sesuatu itu, dan hal-hal lainnya diukur dan dinilai berdasarkan rujukan kelompoknya” (dalam Gudykunst & Kim, 2985:5) Stereotip---generalisasi atas sekelompok orang, objek, atau peristiwa yang secara luas dianut suatu budaya.

Karakteristik Budaya Budaya itu dipelajari---interaksi, observasi dan imitasi. Budaya itu diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi. Budaya itu didasarkan pada simbol. Budaya itu dinamis. Budaya itu sistem yang terintegrasi.

Komunikasi Antarbudaya Terjadi bila pengirim pesan adalah anggota dari suatu budaya dan penerima pesannya. Melibatkan interaksi antara orang-orang yang persepsi budaya dan sistem simbolnya cukup berbeda dalam suatu komunikasi.

Elemen-elemen Komunikasi Antarbudaya Persepsi : Beliefs (keyakinan), Values (nilai), & Attitudes (perilaku) Worldview (pandangan terhadap dunia) Pola berpikir kognitif Perilaku verbal Perilaku nonverbal Konteks

Persepsi Process of selecting, organizing & evaluating stimuli. People conduct their lives in accordance with how they perceive the world, and these perceptions are strongly influenced by culture.

Beliefs, values, & attitudes Beliefs---Individually held subjective ideas about the nature of an object or even. Values---What we hold important in life & include such qualities as morality, ethics, & aesthetics. Attitudes---Learned tendencies to act or respond in a specific way to events.

Worldview A culture’s worldview forms people’s orientation towards such philosophical concepts as God, the universe, nature, and the like.

Patterns of Cognition Includes reasoning and approach to problem solving.

Verbal Behavior Different cultures use different set of symbols. Meaning for words are open to a variety of translations by booth individuals and cultures.

Nonverbal Behavior Gesture, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, posture and paralanguage and movement, touch, dress, silence, the use of space and time, object and artifact.

The role of context It is important to having an awareness of the cultural rules governing the context of an intercultural communication, difficulties will almost certainly arise and could negate effective interaction.

Latar belakang kemunculan Komunikasi Antarbudaya Dekade 1960-an dan 1970-an, kita memasuki “era dunia” (global marketplace, multinational bussiness organization and workforces)---multicultural global village. Munculnya budaya-budaya, sub-budaya, dan sub kelompok yang baru, yang perilaku komunikasinya asing bagi kita.

Cultural differences often cause miscommunications and conflict. Culture and Conflict Cultural differences often cause miscommunications and conflict. Your ability to coexist peacefully with people who do not necessarily share your background views, beliefs, values, customs, habits, or lifestyle can benefit you in social life.

CULTURAL DISTANCE Conflict is greater when the two cultures are very different than when they are similar. Technically this this difference is called “cultural distance” (Triandis, 1994)

Cultural distance is greater when… people speak different languages. have different social structures. have differences in point of view have differences in standarts of living.

It will not be easy, because… To be a successful intercultural communicator you must be open to new communication experiences, have empathy toward cultures different from your own, develop a universalistic, realistic worldview, and learn to be tolerant of views that differ from your own. It will not be easy, because… Your view of the world is shaped by the perspective of you’re your own culture.

Intercultural communication will not be successful if by action or words, communicators evince an arrogant attitude or exhibit a condescending manner. Behaviors and attitudes that convey a feeling of one’s own superiority will stifle meaningful interaction.