Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 1 Sistem Informasi Pertemuan I – Pendahuluan

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 2 Sistem Informasi  Sistem Informasi telah menjadi pondasi bagi model dan proses bisnis  Sistem Informasi memungkinkan distribusi pengetahuan: suatu sistem komunikasi antara manusia satu dengan yang lainnya

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 3 IT and IS  What is Information Technology (IT)? Segala bentuk teknologi yang digunakan manusia untuk menangani informasi  What are Information Systems (IS)? Kumpulan yang teratur dari orang, informasi, proses bisnis dan teknologi informasi yang didesain untuk mengubah input menjadi output, untuk mencapai tujuan

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 4 IT and IS  Examples of IT Hardware (PC, UNIX server) Software ( , Internet, Windows, Word) Consumer devices (mobiles)  Examples of IS File systems e-commerce systems Enterprise business systems, such as student record systems

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 5 Data, Informasi, Informatika  Data Aliran-aliran fakta kasar (raw facts)  Informasi Data yang sudah diolah dan diinterpretasikan sehingga mempunyai arti  Pengetahuan/Knowledge Diperoleh ketika seseorang menggabungkan pengalaman dan penilaian dengan informasi

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 6 An example of data? a date Ruler measurement

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 7 Examples of information Bank statement Sales prediction Telephone directory

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 8 Processing data Data Information Knowledge Transformation/ Processing Experience and Judgment

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 9 Transformation Selection Choose or discard based on selection criteria Rearranging or sorting Grouping, Ordering Aggregating Averages, totals, sub totals Performing calculations

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 10 Knowledge Worker A knowledge worker is a professional who performs knowledge work. Examples of verbs associated with the activities of knowledge workers include describe, compile, consolidate, validate, illustrate, analyze, clarify, modify, evaluate, interpret, simulate and communicate.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 11 Knowledge work Knowledge work is the intellectual activity that is performed by people upon data, information and knowledge in order to discover business options.  Knowledge work produces mature content.  Knowledge work differs from automated work, wherein the human element does not significantly contribute to the output of the process.  From the top-down view of decision- makers, knowledge work is often referred to as decision support.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 12 Knowledge Workers As a manager or other knowledge worker, you will need to:  accomplish knowledge work activities  make sound business decisions  solve problems  communicate your decisions to others  coordinate the efforts of others.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 13 Becoming a Knowledge Worker According to Peter Drucker: knowledge workers are people who:  are at the heart of the new economy  require a good deal of formal education  require the ability to acquire and to apply theoretical and analytical knowledge  require a habit of continuous learning [Drucker, 1994, pages 53-80].

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 14 Knowledge Work Knowledge work involves: Discovery Transformation Analysis Synthesis Communication of data, information, and knowledge, and using the results to make sound academic and sound business decisions.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 15 Two Types of Knowledge Explicit knowledge - knowledge that is readily codified such as the knowledge in this textbook. Tacit knowledge - knowledge that is within you that you gained through experience and through insight and discovery.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 16 Value of information Tangible value = Value of information - Cost of gathering information Tangible value is measurable

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 17 Value of information Intangible value = Improvements in decision behaviour - Cost of gathering information Intangible value is difficult or impossible to measure

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 18 Management Information Systems (SIM)  MIS (SIM) Studi sistem informasi dengan fokus bagaimana menggunakannya untuk bisnis dan manajemen  Pendekatan (Approaches) Technical Behavioural Sociotechnical

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 19 Kenapa IS penting?  Agar bisa bertahan dan sejahtera, organisasi perlu: Informasi di lokasi yang berbeda (jaringan/networks) Dukungan untuk pengiriman produk dan jasa Peningkatan efisiensi dan pengurangan biaya untuk memenuhi batasan-batasan legislasi, etik atau moral  Perubahan dunia: Global economy Masyarakat berbasis pengetahuan atau informasi Perusahaan-perusahaan bisnis besar Teknologi

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 20 Sistem Informasi - Hardware  ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)  UNIVAC I  1 st komputer terpasarkan secara luas : mampu melakukan < 2000 perhitungan per detik  Smaller Computer MiniComputer (digunakan u/ perhitungan scientific, small organization) MicroComputer (digunakan oleh perorangan.. IBM release Personal Computer(PC))

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 21 Sistem Informasi - Hardware  Moore’s Law Gordon Moore, pendiri Intel, 1960  kepadatan IC (kekuatan komputer) meningkat 2x tiap tahun  meningkat 2x tiap 18 bulan

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 22 Sistem Informasi – Tipe Software  Transaction Processing System (TPS) POS, EDP  Management Information System (MIS) Data dari TPS di-olah menjadi laporan2, hasil simulasi  Decision Support System Digunakan membantu manager membuat keputusan (decision making) atas suatu masalah  Enterprise Resource Planning System Sistem yang bisa menangani semua proses bisnis yang saling terkait di semua bagian perusahaan

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 23 IS-Type: TPS Transaction Processing System (TPS) What do they do? - Capture and process transactions to make them available to the organization. How does this create business value? – Enables a business to efficiently and accurately track it’s the transactions that are at the heart of all business activities. Captured transaction data can then be used to support decision making.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 24 IS-Type: MIS Management Information System (MIS) What do they do? - Provide timely information to decision-makers through processing and reporting features. How does this create business value? – Timely reporting can enable managers to monitor critical processes and to avoid costly mistakes.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 25 IS-Type: DSS Decision Support System (DSS) What do they do? - Provide analytical and visualization tools to support and enhance decision making. How does this create business value? - Enables decision-makers to make decisions based on data and to discover new business opportunities through the use of tools provided by the IS.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 26 Decision making  Structured Rules and constraints known  Unstructured Rules governing decision are complicated or unknown

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 27 Model of decision making Intelligence Design Evaluation Choice Implementation

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 28 Tahapan Problem Solving  Aktivitas Intelegensia Mencari kondisi yang membutuhkan solusi di lingkungan  Aktivitas Desain Menemukan, membuat dan menganalisis tindakan2 yang mungkin dilakukan  Aktivitas Pemilihan Memilih tindakan tertentu dari tindakan2 yg mungkin  Aktivitas Pelaksanaan/Implementasi Melaksanakan tindakan yang sudah dipilih  Aktivitas Evaluation/Review Melakukan penilaian terhadap pilihan yang sudah diambil pada masa lalu

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 29 Levels of decision making OPERATIONAL TACTICAL STRATEGIC Information flow

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 30 Decision characteristics Decision LevelTypeTimescaleImpact on organisatio n Frequency Strategic UnstructuredLongLargeInfrequent Tactical Medium Operational StructuredShortSmallFrequent

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 31 Information need for decisions Information Level Time period FrequencySourceCertaintyScopeDetail StrategicWideInfrequentExternal Less Certain WideSummarised Tactical OperationalNarrowFrequentInternal More certain NarrowDetailed

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 32 IS-Type: ERP Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) What do they do? - Integrate and standardize processes and centralize and standardize the storage and management of data. How does this create business value? - Can reduce costs associated with duplication of processes and effort. Also, can reduce decision-making mistakes made due to multiple versions of the same data, information, and knowledge.

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 33 Other systems  Expert systems (ES) Apply knowledge to problem  Knowledge base  Rules  Draw conclusions  End user computing systems Support individual activity  Create own electronic templates  Strategic information systems Manage competitive environment

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 34 Strategic information systems  Business have to cope with New entrants Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of customers Substitute products or services Competition with like producers

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 35 Strategic information systems  Cost leadership Providing goods at lowest possible cost  Product differentiation Make products distinct  Innovation Finding new approach to organisational activity Respond to market environment

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 36 Strategic information systems  Value chain analysis Series of connected activity that adds value to organisation products Separate primary and support activities Identify areas where value can be added to product

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 37 Using information for strategic advantage  Improve operational efficiency E.g. Stock control  Raising barriers to entry Investment in complex systems create entry barrier  Locking in customers and suppliers Strengthening business relationships

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 38 Using information for strategic advantage  Promoting business innovation  Increasing switching costs Discourage customers/suppliers from switching to other competitors  Leverage Use information for other product/business

Copyright ©2008 by M Irwan Afandi 39 Masa Depan Teknologi Informasi  Akan di-kendalikan oleh biaya yang semakin berkurang dan meningkatnya kemampuan komputer dan komunikasi  Manager harus belajar untuk menerapkan sistem informasi ke dalam pembuatan keputusan