Teori-teori Psikologi Sosial ,

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Teori-teori Psikologi Sosial , Teori Medan Sumber : Social Psychology, Roy F. Baumeister Florida State University & Brad J. Bushman University of Michigan VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands & Teori-teori Psikologi Sosial , Prof Dr Sarlito WS

Social psychology is concerned with the effect of other people (real or imagined) on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These three dimensions or building blocks of social psychology are known as the ABC triad (see ▶ FIGURE 1.1)

The A stands for Affect (pronounced 'af-ekt; note that this word is a noun, not a verb, which is pronounced ə-'fekt)—how people feel inside. Social psychologists are interested in how people feel about themselves (e.g., self-esteem), how they feel about others (e.g., prejudice), and how they feel about various issues (e.g., attitudes).

The B stands for Behavior—what people do, their actions The B stands for Behavior—what people do, their actions. Social psychologists are interested in all the various behaviors people engage in, such as joining groups, helping others, hurting others, working, playing, relax- ing.

The C stands for Cognition—what people think about The C stands for Cognition—what people think about. Social psychologists are interested in what people think about themselves (e.g., self-concept), what they think about others (e.g., forming impressions), and what they think about various problems and issues in the social world (e.g., protecting the environment).

And as Kurt Lewin suggested many years ago, social psychologists are concerned about the effects of personal and situational influences on these ABCs. Social psychology focuses especially on the power of situations. That is, when trying to explain some pattern of behavior, the first place social psychologists generally look is to the situation. In this focus, social psychology departed from two powerful traditions in psychology.

Social psychology emphasizes how people react to the world around them and how small changes in their immediate circumstances can produce substantial changes in behavior.

Another important feature of social psychology is that it embraces the scientific method. Most social psychologists conduct experiments, which are careful and systematic ways of testing theories. Ada banyak cara untuk belajar tentang orang-orang, seperti membaca novel, menonton orang-orang di bandara, yang tinggal di luar negeri, atau berbicara dengan teman-teman selama berjam-jam pada suatu waktu. Semua pendekatan tersebut dapat menghasilkan pelajaran yang berharga, tetapi metode ilmiah memiliki keunggulan penting atas mereka. Secara khusus, sulit untuk mengetahui apakah pemahaman yang diperoleh dari membaca novel atau memperhatiakan orang-orang di sekitar, mana yang lebih tepat.

The scientific method is the most rigorous way of sorting out the valid lessons from the mistaken ones.

Psikologi Gestalt Teori Medan Psikologi Gestalt : Bagian atau elemen kejiwaan tidak berdiri sendiri melainkan terorganisir menjadi suatu keseluruhan (Gestalt). Terlalu berorientasi pada penelitian tentang penginderaan Mulai fokus pada Psikologi kepribadian dan sosiologi Mengembangkan Teori Lapangan “Field Theory”

Penggunaan metode Konstruktif Konflik X Konflik Y Konflik z (dst) Metode Klasifikasi Approach-approach Conflict Apprach-avoidance Conflict Avoidance-avoidance Conflict Metode Konstruktif/Genetik

Penggunaan metode konstruktif sebagai ciri Teori Lapangan selalu harus Psikologis dan haruslah dilakukan dengan cara obyektif artinya situasi terjadi harus dipandang dari sudut si pelaku Ini sebagai respon pada behaviorisme yang yang subyektif

Teori lapangan harus berawal dari situasi sebagi keseluruhan (totalitas)  kemudian baru di analisis terhadap masing-masing elemen secara khusus

Tingkah laku harus dianalisis dalam rangka “lapangan” pada saat tingkah laku terjadi. Tidak perlu pendekatan historis  tidak perlu menghubungkan dengan masalalu seperti Psikoanalisa (ini bisa diartikan sebagai pengeruh Gestalt yang ‘ahistoris’, - yang menjelaskan bagaimana sampai situasi tertentu terjadi – masalalu sudah berlalu- masalalu yang masih tertinggal disebut lapangan kehidupan)

Konsep dasar Teori Lapangan (1) Lapangan Kehidupan Lapangan kehidupan suatu kelompok adalah kelompok itu sendiri ditambah lingkungan tempat kelompok itu berada

Konsep dasar Teori Lapangan (2) Tingkah laku dan lokomosi Tingkah laku adalah lokomosi yang berarti perubahan atau gerakan pada lapangan kehidupan Komunikasi antara dua wilayah menimbulkan ketegangan (tension) dan memunculkan kebutuhan (need). Jika ada hambatan (barrier) bisa menimbulkan daya (force)

Konsep dasar Teori Lapangan (3) Daya (Force) Jika jumlah daya (resultante force) yang terkumpul melewati titik ‘nol’, maka akan terjadi lokomosi RM –terjangkau—didatangi (lokomosi) RM--tidak terjangkai– tidak terjadi lokomosi atau hanya perubahan kognitif (kesadaran)

Konsep dasar Teori Lapangan (4) Ketegangan (Tension) – Zeigarnik 1927 Jika orang harus menyelesaikan tugas (yang menantang), begitu orang menerima tugas, akan mengalami ketegangan tertentu. Jika tugas selesai maka ketegangan pun mereda Jika ditengah menyelesaikan tugas tiba-tiba dihentikan, maka ketegangan masih akan ada sampai ada sesuatu yang meredakan.

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