SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH

Dikendalikan jantung Fungsi jtg : Mengedarkan cairan darah Mengedarkan gas, air, mineral (darah) serta hasil buangan metabolisme yg bbtk larutan dan terlarut dlm darah Pd insang tjd pertukaran O dr air & CO dr darah, & pengeluaran kotoran bernitrogen Organ lain yang mengeluarkan kotoran dr darah adalah ginjal Volume darah di dlm peredaran di tubuh ikan + 2,5-3% berat tubuh

ORGAN PEMBENTUK DARAH Pembuluh darah embrio & dewasa Limpha: pd submucosa & pencernaan (ik. Lamprey) Limpha: yg dpt membentuk erythrocyte & sel darah Mesonephros: membentuk Thrombocyte Submucosa: esophagus (Elasmobranchi) Usus spiral: (Elasmobranchi & Diphnoi; membentuk sel darah putih) Jaringan di luar jantung: (Lepidosiren, polyodom & acipencer; mbtk lymphocyte & granulocyte) Tl. Rawan Cranial: membentuk bermcm sel darah putih (Squaliformes, Lepisosteus & Amia)

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Jantung Letak : cranioventral, dibelakang insang dari rongga perut oleh sebuah sekat pny 2 ruang, tetapi tdd 4 bagian : sinus venosus: ruang penerima darah dr seluruh tubuh (dr pembuluh vena) atrium: ruangan dg otot cardiac yg lunak, memompa dg lemah ventricle: bag. depan memiliki katup, berdinding tebal (2 lapis otot cardiac), selalu berdenyut u/ memompa darah ke seluruh tubuh (pompa utama) bulbus arteriosus: fibroelastis dg katup utk mencegah aliran kembali ke ventrikel; berfungsi sbg pengatur tekanan untuk menjaga pembuluh2 di insang

venous blood to heart heart to gills gills to body hepatic portal system renal portal system heart to gills via ventral aorta gills to body via dorsal aorta

Circulation mirip pd mamalia ; jtg  respiratory system (insang) u/ pertukaran gas  tubuh Deoxygenated blood mengalir dr jtg  ventral aorta  insang Oxygenated blood mengalir dr insang  dorsal aorta  tubuh. Darah Venous tdd 2 sistim. a. Dr bag. ekor berjln melewati ginjal  jtg (renal portal system). b. Dr usus berjln melewati hati  jtg (hepatic portal system).

Siklus peredaran darah ikan

DARAH Susunan darah Plasma darah (cairan jernih mineral t’larut,hsl pencernaan terserap, hsl buangan jaringan, antibodi, gas t’larut & enzim [lipase + carbonic anhidrasel , ) Butiran darah

Butiran/sel darah Butiran darah erythrocyte leucocyte granulocyte lymphocyte monocytes thrombocytes Granulocyte : dibedakan berdasarakan penyerapan thd zat warna Neutrofil menyerang bakteri Acidofil (asam) Basofil (Fungsi??)

Red blood cells elongated and elliptical with an oval, centrally-located, nucleus Immature erythrocytes are called polychromatocytes no bone marrow Blood volume is 2-4 ml/kg for teleosts main source head kidney

Bentuk sel darah merah ikan sudah masak adl. oval Φ7-36 blm masak bulat Pengangkutan zat asam dlm darah dilakukan o/ pigmen pernafasan (haemoglobin) terdpt dlm btr darah merah Pengangkutan O o/ darah sangat tergantung pd jumlah erytrocyte Darah ikan dpt mengikat zat asam 15-25 x dibanding air, shg haemoglobin sgt efisien dlm mengikat oksigen Mature erythrocyte Immature erythrocyte

White blood cells / Leucocytes mirip mammalia tdd neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes & macrophages  msg2 pny ciri spesifik no lymph nodes lymphocytes > neutrophils lymphoid tissues Thymus  primary sources head kidney  primary sites of antibody production Spleen melanomacrophage centers

Jml leucocytes pd ikan  cth kisaran lymphocytes (tipe leucocyte yg terbyk), pd salmonid/Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), antara 7.8 & 20.9 x 103 cells/ mm3 JmlWBC dibanding jml sel darah yang bersirkulasi: Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 3.5% of blood cells White Bream (Diplodus sargus) 3.5% of blood cells Saupe (Sarpa salpa) 2% of blood cells Pd vertebrata tk ↑ spt mamalia, pbtk WBC ditentukan bone marrow, the spleen and the lymph nodes. Pd ikan, organs spt kidney, spleen and thymus take part in haematopoeisis Melanomacrophage center  mrpk klpk macrophages & melanocytes ditemukan di hati, limpha, & ginjal.  mengandung melanin, lipofuscin, & phagocytized material, & mengalami hyperplasia and hypertrophy saat sakit, kelaparan, atau pd lingkungan yg terpolusi

LYMPHOCYTE FUNGSI : membentuk antibodi  to mediate the humoral(HT6B3.3) & cellular immune response Lymphocytes  spherical cells (btk bola/bulat) spherical cells immature lymphocytes

fish lymphocytes dibagi 2 sub-populations yg fungsinya mirip B and T lymphocytes pd mammals. Saat kontak dg antigen  tjd proliferation of lymphocytes  then secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin antibody. proportion lymphocytes yg mrpk leucocytes ± 85% pd bbrp jenis ikan. Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 89 - 98% Lymphocytenya mrpk leucocytes. Estimasi jml lymphocytes dlm darah ikan agak sulit krn sulit dibedakan dg thrombocytes. Percentage of i) WBC & ii) lymphocytes pd sel darah : % WBC % pd sel darah Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 90% 3.15% White Bream (Diplodus sargus) 70% 2.45% Saupe (Sarpa salpa) 88% 1.76%

Granulocytes Pny struktur khusus, dikenal sbg Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes. cytoplasm pny sejml granula halus. Granulocytes  3 sub-populations berbeda tgt staining characteristics dr granula stl diberi histological dyes (eg. Romanowsky dyes). 3 tipe granulocytes di ikan: neutrophils & eosinophils  plg byk, basophils  jarang Granulocytes dibutuhkan dlm mekanisme pertahanan non-specific, yi. Bertgg jwb thd keberadaan benda asing dlm tbhtp tidak mengenali specific antigens. Sel ini bermigrasi ke bagian tbh yg diserang & merusak benda asing melalui phagocytosis / direct killing (cytotoxic response). Proses ini menyebabkan inflammatory response (peradangan)

NEUTROPHIL: leucocyte tdk pny afinitas u/ acid or basic dyes, but stainable by neutral dyes. Jmlnya plg byk; dpt keluar dr darah & msak jar. Tbh u/ menelan bacteria. EOSINOPHIL: special WBC (polymorphonuclear leucocyte) yg dpt di stained dg acid dyes dpt as eosin. Dibutuhkan u/ merusak internal parasites & dlm pengaturan reaksi peradangan krn alergi BASOPHIL: Substansi / or tissue element yg menunjukkan affinity u/ basic dyes; (mrpk granulocytes yg dpt mencerna micro-organisms). Dlm darah normalnya jmlnya sgt ↓. Di ikan kebeadaanya msh dipertanyakan Granulocytes berkisar 4-60% dr leucocytes ikan, jumlahnya bervariasi in different species of fish. Granulocytes diperkirakan 1-9% dr total WBC in juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Percentage of i) WBC and ii) granulocytes dlm sel darah % WBC % granulo dlm sel darah Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 8% 0.28% White Bream (Diplodus sargus) 28% 0.98% Saupe (Sarpa salpa) 12% 0.24%

Monocytes Monocytes  sel yg besar, dg nucleus besar  antara ⅓ - ½ dr cell. cytoplasm mengandung granula kecil yg tersebar Monocytes  precursors of macrophages. Monocytes berfungsi merespon infeksi.  berperan pd non-specific immunity & inflammatory response. Monocytes lbh bersifat phagocytic dp granulocytes Monocytes ditemukan dlm jml besar pd ginjal, diduga berasal dr stem cells ginjal

Pd ikan, darah mengandung jml monocytes yg bervariasi, tp umumnya sedikit. Cth. pd Plaice ± 0.1% dr total leucocytes. Pd Catfish ± 1-8% dr leucocytes. Percentage of i) WBC ii) monocytes dlm sel darah % (i) % (ii) Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 2% 0.07% White Bream (Diplodus sargus) 2% 0.07% Saupe (Sarpa salpa) 0% 0%

thrombocytes Ada 4 btk thrombocytes yg umumnya ditemui ; oval, spindle-shaped, spiked & fragmented. The oval or spindle-shaped cells  dianggap btk normal thrombocytes in vivo, & sangat mirip dg lymphocytes. Thrombocytes berperan dlm pembekuan darah. The source of thrombocytes  spleen  seen in large numbersin mammal thrombocytes  precursors dr sel platelets, yg bersirkulasi dlm darah & bertgg jwb pd pembekuan darah. Mammalian thrombocytes jarang ditemui dlm sirkulasi, tp di ikan thrombocytes bersirkulasi dlm darah

ada disagreement thd jml thrombocytes yg ada dlm peripheral blood of fish,  ini disebabkan sulit dibedakan dari lymphocytes. DISAGREEMENT: Pd juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, thrombocytes dihitung sebesar 1-6% of total leucocytes. Ratio lymphocytes dg thrombocytes pd Rainbow Trout  25:1, tapi pd jenis yg sama diukur rasionya 2:1. % leucocytes : thrombocytes pd Carp (Carassius auratus), ± 70% dilaporkan bbrp peneliti, sdgk lainnya menyebutkan hanya 3-13%.