TANAH, PERTANIAN & PANGAN MASA DEPAN

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1 TANAH, PERTANIAN & PANGAN MASA DEPAN
Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH SUMBERDAYA AIR DAN KETAHANAN PANGAN TANAH, PERTANIAN & PANGAN MASA DEPAN diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13

2 IRRIGATION Fungsi Irigasi
The artificial provision of water to support agriculture 70% of all freshwater used by humans is used for irrigation. Irrigation has boosted productivity in many places … but too much can cause problems. Fungsi Irigasi memasok kebutuhan air tanaman menjamin ketersediaan air apabila terjadi betatan menurunkan suhu tanah mengurangi kerusakan akibat frost melunakkan lapis keras pada saat pengolahan tanah Diunduh dari: …… 21/12/2012

3 Bojonegoro tetapkan sawah irigasi jadi sawah abadi
Pemerintah Kabupaten Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur, menetapkan sawah irigasi teknis yang memperoleh air irigasi kontinyu sebagai sawah abadi yang dilarang dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan industri dan permukiman. Kepala Dinas Pertanian Bojonegoro Subekti, Rabu mengatakan, pihaknya sudah menentukan sawah abadi yang menjadi sentra penghasil tanaman pangan, berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) No. 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Penetapan dan Alih Fungsi Lahan Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Diunduh dari: …… 21/12/2012

4 In conventional irrigation, only 40% of the water reaches plants.
IMPROVED IRRIGATION In conventional irrigation, only 40% of the water reaches plants. Efficient drip irrigation targeted to plants conserves water, saves money, and reduces problems like salinization. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

5 Solutions Soil Salinization
Reduce irrigation Switch to salt- tolerant crops (such as barley, cotton, sugar beet) Prevention Flushing soil (expensive and wastes water) Not growing crops for 2-5 years Installing under- ground drainage systems (expensive) Cleanup Solutions Soil Salinization Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

6 PUPUK & PEMUPUKAN Supply nutrients to crops
Inorganic fertilizers = mined or synthetically manufactured mineral supplements Organic fertilizers = animal manure, crop residues, compost, etc. Pemberian pupuk berimbang dalam kajian ini bukan berarti memberikan pupuk N, P dan K dalam jumlah seimbang untuk tanaman padi. Yang dimaksud pemupukan berimbang dalam kajian ini adalah pemberian pupuk N, P dan K disesuaikan dengan target hasil gabah yang ingin dicapai, sumbangan hara N, P dan K berasal dari tanah serta kekurangan hara untuk mencapai target hasil tersebut dengan penambahan pupuk anorganik dalam bentuk pupuk urea, SP-36 dan KCl. Berdasar teori dikatakan bahwa hasil gabah ditentukan oleh faktor tanah, tanaman dan lingkungan. Diunduh dari: …… 21/12/2012

7 GLOBAL FERTILIZER USAGES
Fertilizer use has risen dramatically in the past 50 years. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

8 Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers
Trade-Offs Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers Advantages Disadvantages Do not add humus to soil Reduce organic matter in soil Reduce ability of soil to hold water Lower oxygen content of soil Require large amounts of energy to produce, transport, and apply Release the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) Runoff can overfertilize nearby lakes and kill fish Easy to transport Easy to store Easy to apply Inexpensive to produce Help feed one of every three people in the world Without commercial inorganic fertilizers, world food output could drop by 40% Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

9 Overgrazing When livestock eat too much plant cover on rangelands, impeding plant regrowth The contrast between ungrazed and overgrazed land on either side of a fenceline can be striking. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

10 Overgrazing can set in motion a series of positive feedback loops.
Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

11 World agricultural production has risen faster than human population.
PRODUKSI PANGAN DUNIA World agricultural production has risen faster than human population. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

12 Pada 2012, produksi padi jatim diperkirakan 11,69 juta ton
KETAHANAN PANGAN DUNIA However, the world still has 800 million hungry people, largely due to inadequate distribution. And considering soil degradation, can we count on food production continuing to rise? Global food security is a goal of scientists and policymakers worldwide. Pada 2012, produksi padi jatim diperkirakan 11,69 juta ton Kepala Badaan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Jatim Irlan Indrocahyo SE MSi di kantornya Jl Kendangsari Industri, Surabaya,Selasa (3/7) mengatakan, kenaikan produksi padi terjadi karena naiknya luas panen padi seluas 32,81 ribu hektare atau 1,70 persen dan produktivitasnya juga mengalami kenaikan 4,78  kuintal/hektare atau 8,71 persen. Diunduh dari: …… 21/12/2012

13 GIZI = NUTRITION Undernourishment = too few calories (especially developing world) Overnutrition = too many calories (especially developed world) Malnutrition = lack of nutritional requirements (causes numerous diseases, esp. in developing world) Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

14 REVOLUSI HIJAU An intensification of industrialization of agriculture, which has produced large yield increases since 1950 Increased yield per unit of land farmed Begun in U.S. and other developed nations; exported to developing nations like India and those in Africa are more productive for plant life. Tingginya produksi padi Indramayu ini disebabkan oleh luasnya lahan sawah yang ada. Dari luas wilayah Indramayu yang mencapai 204 ribu ha, 114 ribu ha (55%) di antaranya adalah lahan sawah. Dengan luas sebesar itu, Indramayu menempati urutan pertama di Jawa Barat. Diunduh dari: …… 21/12/2012

15 The Costs of Modern Agriculture
SISTEM MONOKULTUR Intensified agriculture meant monocultures, vast spreads of a single crop. This is economically efficient, but increases risk of catastrophic failure (“all eggs in one basket”). Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012 The Costs of Modern Agriculture The process of agricultural modernisation has had an important influence on farm productivity and improved living standards for many farmers. However, farmers need access to: modern seeds, water, labour, capital or credit, fertilisers and pesticides. Many poorer farming households simply cannot adopt the whole package. If one element is missing, the seed delivery system fails or the fertiliser arrives late, or there is insufficient irrigation water, then yields may not be much better that those for traditional varieties. Even if farmers want to use external resources, very often delivery systems are unable to supply them on time. Diunduh dari: /12/2012

16 Monocultures also have reduced crop diversity.
DIVERSITAS TANAMAN Monocultures also have reduced crop diversity. 90% of all human food now comes from only 15 crop species and 8 livestock species. Pengaturan Jarak Tanam Ubikayu dan Kacang Tanah untuk Meningkatkan Indeks Pertanaman di Lahan Kering Masam Penelitian di Banjarnegara dilakukan dengan menanam ubikayu dengan jarak tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m. Kacang tanah ditanam diantara baris ganda ubikayu. Pada saat tanam kacang tanah MH II, ubikayu sudah berumur tiga bulan. Pada sistem tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m populasi ubikayu masing-masing sekitar 105% dan 86% dibandingkan cara petani (monokultur) dengan jarak tanam 120 cm x 80 cm. Populasi kacang tanah pada kedua pola tersebut sekitar 70% dari populasi monokultur. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

17 Biodiversity Loss Soil
Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland Fish kills from pesticide runoff Killing of wild predators to protect livestock Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop strains with a few monoculture strains Soil Erosion Loss of fertility Salinization Waterlogging Desertification Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

18 Air Pollution Water Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil Fuel issue
Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use Pollution from pesticide sprays Water Water waste Aquifer depletion Increased runoff and flooding from land cleared to grow crops Sediment pollution from erosion Fish kills from pesticide runoff Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides and fertilizers Overfertilization of lakes and slow-moving rivers from runoff of nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

19 Nitrates in drinking water Pesticide residues in drinking water,
Human Health Nitrates in drinking water Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and air Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes Bacterial contamination of meat Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

20 HKTI sulap Tanah Tandus Samosir menjadi Ladang Jagung Unggulan
REVOLUSI HIJAU Techniques to increase crop output per unit area of cultivated land (since world was running out of arable land) Special crop breeds (drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant, etc.) are a key component. It enabled food production to keep pace with population. HKTI sulap Tanah Tandus Samosir menjadi Ladang Jagung Unggulan HKTI patut bangga. Pasalnya, petani jagung di wilayah tersebut biasanya hanya mampu menghasilkan 4 ton setiap hectare (ha). Namun dengan bibit percontohan dari HKTI mampu menghasilkan 8 ton per ha atau dua kali lipat pipil jagung.  Diunduh dari: …… 21/12/2012

21 REVOLUSI HIJAU: DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Intensification of agriculture causes environmental harm: • Pollution from synthetic fertilizers • Pollution from synthetic pesticides • Water depleted for irrigation • Fossil fuels used for heavy equipment However, without the green revolution, much more land would have been converted for agriculture, destroying forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012 "Sustainable Agricultural Development" defined by FAO in 1990 was translated into several basic criteria to measure the sustainability of present agriculture and future trends. These criteria can be listed as follows: Meeting the food needs of present and future generations in terms of quantity and quality and the demand for other agricultural products. Providing enough jobs, securing income and creating human living and working conditions for all those engaged in agricultural production. Maintaining, and where possible enhancing, the productive capacity of the natural resources base as a whole and the regenerative capacity of renewable resources, without impairing the function of basic natural cycles and ecological balance, destroying the socio-cultural identity of rural communities or contaminating the environment. Making the agricultural sector more resilient against adverse natural and socio-economic factors and other risks, and strengthening the self-confidence of rural populations. Diunduh dari: 23/12/2012

22 REVOLUSI HIJAU: DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Ecological Costs Many ecological problems have increased dramatically in recent years. These include: Contamination of water by pesticides, nitrates, soil and livestock wastes, causing harm to wildlife, disruptions of ecosystems and possible health problems in drinking water; Contamination of food and fodder by residues of pesticides, nitrates and antibiotics; Damage to farm and natural resources by pesticides, causing harm to farmworkers and public, disruption of ecosystems and harm to wildlife; Contamination of the atmosphere by ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane and the products of burning, which play a role in ozone depletion, global warming and atmospheric pollution; Overuse of natural resources, causing depletion of groundwater, and loss of wild foods and habitats, and of their capacity to absorb wastes, causing waterlogging and increased salinity; The tendency in agriculture to standardise and specialise by focusing on modern varieties, causing displacement of traditional varieties and breeds; New health hazards for workers in the agrochemical and food-processing industries. Diunduh dari: …… 23/12/2012

23 Agricultural modernisation
2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Grain production (millions of tons) 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Total World Grain Production Year Social Costs Agricultural modernisation has also helped to transform many rural communities, both in the South and the North. The process has had many social impacts. These include the loss of jobs, the further disadvantaging of women economically if they do not have access to the use and benefits of the new technology, the increasing specialisation of livelihoods, the growing gap between the well-off and the poor, and the cooption of village institutions by the state. Source: Pretty, J. (1998) Regenerating Agriculture, Earthscan, London, p. 4. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

24 PRODUKSI PANGAN DUNIA In 1983, the amount of grain produced per capita leveled off and began to decline. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

25 MANAJEMEN HAMA Terms pest and weed have no scientific or objective definitions. Any organism that does something we humans don’t like gets called a pest or a weed. The organisms are simply trying to survive and reproduce… and a monoculture is an irresistible smorgasbord of food for them. B-IPM Biologically based Integrated Pest Management (B-IPM) integrates, or combines, different management tools to provide better leafy spurge control than any single tool could produce. The foundation for this B-IPM approach is biological control: Biocontrol agents like the host-specific leafy spurge flea beetle are integrated with other tools -- such as multi-species grazing programs, herbicides, reseeding, tillage, burning and clipping -- to produce effective, affordable and ecologically sustainable leafy spurge control. B-IPM offers the flexibility landowners and land managers need to devise different management strategies for different situations. Diunduh dari: …… 23/12/2012

26 Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPM Disadvantages of biological control: Like other management tools, biological control is not a perfect solution to the leafy spurge problem. The biggest drawback is that biological control is not a "quick fix." In most cases, biocontrol agents will take several years to successfully establish a population and begin making a significant contribution to leafy spurge management. In addition, no one biocontrol agent works in every situation. An agent that works well in one soil type, for example, may not work at all in another soil type. In the long run, more than one type of biocontrol agent may have to be used to achieve uniform control across a variety of different situations and land types. Diunduh dari: …… 23/12/2012

27 Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPM Control tools Herbicides are the most commonly used control tool, and are the preferred tool for containing and preventing the spread of infestations. Disadvantage: Herbicides are expensive -- the cost of treatment can exceed the value of the land and/or the economic return from the land. In addition, herbicides are not target specific and are subject to environmental restrictions. Cultural and mechanical controls such as reseeding, clipping and burning can be used to give desirable grasses and plants a competitive advantage while reducing leafy spurge’s dominance. Multi-species grazing can provide leafy spurge control while increasing ranch profitability by diversifying cattle grazing operations with sheep or goats. Biological control is another tool that can be used to manage leafy spurge and offers some advantages when compared to "traditional" management tools. 1. Biological control is economically sustainable. Leafy spurge biocontrol agents can usually be obtained or collected for free, and do not require a large investment of money or time to use or maintain. Other tools require a greater investment of resources. 2. Biological control is ecologically sustainable. Once established, leafy spurge biocontrol agents are self-sustaining -- they’ll always be there, working in the background to control leafy spurge. 3. In addition, biocontrol agents are not known to cause any adverse ecological consequences. Diunduh dari: …… 23/12/2012

28 Biologically based Integrated Pest Management
B-IPM Biologically based Integrated Pest Management The best approach to controlling leafy spurge is Biologically based Integrated Pest Management. It’s effective and affordable, and can be used anywhere. B-IPM integrates, or combines, different management tools to provide more effective leafy spurge control than could be achieved by using any single tool. This integration offers the flexibility ranchers, landowners and land managers need to tailor management programs that fit their specific needs. Biologically based Integrated Pest Management combines ecologically sound strategies with other tools to provide better control and more flexibility than can be achieved using any single tool alone. It is by far the best approach. The results speak for itself. The dramatic change is the result of a cost-effective, integrated approach using grazing and biological control. Diunduh dari: …… 23/12/2012

29 Synthetic poisons that target organisms judged to be pests
PESTISIDA KIMIAWI Synthetic poisons that target organisms judged to be pests Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

30 PENGGUNAAN PESTISIDA Pesticide use is still rising sharply across the world, although growth has slowed in the U.S. 1 billion kg (2 billion lbs.) of pesticides are applied each year in the U.S . Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

31 RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
Pesticides gradually become less effective, because pests evolve resistance to them. Those few pests that survive pesticide applications because they happen to be genetically immune will be the ones that reproduce and pass on their genes to the next generation. This is evolution by natural selection, and it threatens our very food supply. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012 Effects of pesticide selection Repeated use of the same class of pesticides to control a pest can cause undesirable changes in the gene pool of a pest leading to another form of artificial selection, pesticide resistance. When a pesticide is first used, a small proportion of the pest population may survive exposure to the material due to their distinct genetic makeup. These individuals pass along the genes for resistance to the next generation. Subsequent uses of the pesticide increase the proportion of less-susceptible individuals in the population. Through this process of selection, the population gradually develops resistance to the pesticide. Diunduh dari: 23/12/2012

32 RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
1. Pests attack crop 2. Pesticide applied Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

33 RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
3. All pests except a few with innate resistance are killed 4. Survivors breed and produce pesticide-resistant population Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

34 RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
5. Pesticide applied again Has little effect. More-toxic chemicals must be developed. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

35 How pesticide resistance develops
RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA How pesticide resistance develops Some plant pathogens have also become resistant to pesticides. Among fruit producers in North America, apple growers perhaps have faced the most significant problems with pesticide resistance. Examples include streptomycin resistance in the fire blight bacterium and benomyl resistance in the apple scab pathogen. Although the precise genetic and ecological factors differ among pests that have become resistant, in all cases resistance is driven by one process -- selection. PERKEMBANGAN RESISTENSI PESTISIDA Diunduh dari: /12/2012

36 PENGENDALIAN HAYATI Synthetic chemicals can pollute and be health hazards. Biological control (biocontrol) avoids this. Biocontol entails battling pests and weeds with other organisms that are natural enemies of those pests and weeds. (“The enemy of my enemy is my friend.”) Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012 Pengendalian hayati adalah suatu teknik pengendalian hama atau organisme pengganggu tanaman dengan memanfaatkan musuh alami dari OPT tersebut. Pendekatan dalam pengendalian hayati Konservasi : menjaga atau melindungi populasi musuh alami yang terdapat di lapangan. Augmentasi : melakukan pembiakan masal musuh alami di laboratorium jika jumlah populasi musuh alami di lapangan sangat sedikit. Introduksi : mendatangkan musuh alami dari suatu daerah ke daerah lain yang populasinya masih sedikit. Diunduh dari: …… 22/12/2012

37 PENGENDALIAN HAYATI Biocontrol has had success stories. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) = soil bacterium that kills many insects. In many cases, seemingly safe and effective. Cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (above), was used to wipe out invasive prickly pear cactus in Australia. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012

38 RISIKO PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
Most biocontrol agents are introduced from elsewhere. Some may turn invasive and become pests themselves! Cactus moths brought to the Caribbean jumped to Florida, are eating native cacti, and spreading. Wasps and flies brought to Hawaii to control crop pests are parasitizing native caterpillars in wilderness areas. Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012 The relativity of potential risk to nontarget plant species based on phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology. The testing procedure should seek to measure the maximum level of risk posed by an agent’s introduction. Actual measured risk may in fact be much lower than potential risk, but the latter provides a useful framework for selecting test plants. Diunduh dari: /12/2012

39 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
Combines biocontrol, chemical, and other methods May involve: • Biocontrol • Pesticides • Close population monitoring • Habitat modification • Crop rotation • Transgenic crops • Alternative tillage • Mechanical pest removal Diunduh dari: …… 20/12/2012 Diunduh dari: 23/12/2012