Aspek Geospasial dan Metode Delimitasi Batas Maritim I Made Andi Arsana | madeandi@ugm.ac.id | @madeandi

Isi Kuliah Hari Ini Pengantar Keterkaitan disiplin Geodesi/Geomatik dengan batas maritim? Aspek geospasial Pendekatan multi disiplin Metode Delimitasi Batas Maritim

Geodesi – bentuk dan dimensi bumi X Y A (1,1) B (9,1) C (1,7) Bentuk: Segitiga siku-siku Dimensi: a = 8, t = 6, k = 24, L = 24 madeandi@ugm.ac.id © 2010

Geodesi – bentuk dan dimensi bumi Z X Y Posisi/koordinat terkait erat dengan Bentuk dan dimensi [bumi]. Bentuk: Limas segiempat Dimensi: p alas, l alas, L alas, t, V Batas wilayah  kumpulan titik dengan posisi/koordinat akurat yang membentuk garis. madeandi@ugm.ac.id © 2010

A Treaty…

Perjalanan titik dari permukaan Bumi ke Elipsoid Z Titik P di permukaan bumi Elipsoid (model matematis) P Proyeksi titik P pada elipsoid Garis lintang P Garis bujur P Zp Equator/katulistiwa Bujur 0° Y Xp Koordinat P ( Lintang, Bujur) Yp Sumbu X, Y dan Z X Koordinat P(Xp, Yp, Zp) madeandi@ugm.ac.id © 2008

Definisi Datum Geodesi Elipsoid referensi sepusat dg bumi Dimensi Elipsoid bisa beragam- lebih kecil/besar Elipsoid bisa bergeser dan tidak sepusat dengan bumi Elipsoid referensi juga bisa diputar Kesimpulan: Datum geodesi terkait Dimensi, posisi dan orientasi Elipsoid referensi terhadap pusat bumi madeandi@ugm.ac.id © 2008

Perjalanan titik dari Elipsoid ke Peta Dari bidang lengkung ke bidang datar Elipsoid referensi bumi Titik P di mermukaan elipsoid Dengan koordinat (lintang bujur) P Silinder membungkus elipsoid Proyeksi titik P dan lintang bujurnya di bidang silinder P Silinder dibuka menjadi bidang datar (peta) Garis lintang P dan equator di bidang datar (peta) Garis bujur P di bidang datar (peta) Titik P di atas bidang datar Sebagai hasil proses proyeksi peta madeandi@ugm.ac.id © 2008

Peta Laut Pasal 5 UNCLOS Skala Kemutakhiran Institusi resmi Peta siapa yang digunakan?

GP Normal (garis air rendah) hampir selalu tenggelam– “imajiner”? Garis Pangkal Normal GP Normal (garis air rendah) hampir selalu tenggelam– “imajiner”?

Penentuan garis pangkal pada teluk Since the area of the bay is less than the area of the semi-circle, The bay cannot be closed Since the area of the bay is larger than the area of the semi-circles, The bay can be closed X The diameter of the semi-circle equals the total width of mouths X, Y, Z, islands in the bay count as par of the Area of the bay Y Z If the mouth of the bay is wider than 24 nautical miles, a line can be drawn where the bay narrows to 24 nautical miles, provided the semi-circle test is satisfied Animation by Arsana and Schofield (2012)

Garis Lurus pada Permukaan Elipsoid Lingkaran hasil perpotongan bidang datar yg mengiris elipsoid melalui pusatnya disebut Lingkaran Besar (Great Circle) P Garis Geodesik: garis di sepanjang lingkaran besar Chord Q Jarak PQ menurut UNCLOS adalah jarak sepanjang garis geodesik

Garis Lurus pada Permukaan Elipsoid Bukan garis geodesik P Q Garis geodesik

Datum Geodesi: Isu Indonesia Perjanjian batas maritim internasional tanpa datum (hanya 3 dengan datum – Australia (1997) , Vietnam (2003), Singapura (2009) Penggunaan alat navigasi modern (GPS) Penegakan hukum: tantangan

Hikayat Koordinat Y P (4,2) P (-4.2 , 1.4) P P (-3,-1) X Titik yang sama dengan koordinat berbeda Karena referensi yang bebeda

Pendekatan Multidisiplin Technical Legal Political

Metode Delimitasi Batas Maritim

Principles of Maritime Boundary Delimitation Opposite States EEZ TS State A State B Boundary line Overlapping claim

Principles of Maritime Boundary Delimitation Adjacent States EEZ TS State A State B Boundary Line

A C B Sharing the ocean with neighbours Delimitation can be applicable : Territorial Sea, EEZ, Continental shelf B A State A, B and C are neighbours Each claims territorial sea Delimitation of territorial sea (A and B)  LOSC Art. 15 C Each claims EEZ Delimitation of EEZ (A and C & A and B)  LOSC, Art. 74 Each is entitled to Continental Shelf (CS) Delimitation of CS (A and C & A and B)  LOSC, Art. 74

Delimitasi Laut Teritorial  Pasal 15 UNCLOS [...] “neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured.” [...]

Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation Equidistance line construction – opposite states State A Land c d e a low -water line Robust equidistance line between State A and State B m n o Sea p q b d low -water line Land State B Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012 22

Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation State A Land low -water line Half-effect line Robust equidistance line between State A and State B 12 M Nil effect for Island x x (A) Island x belongs to State A Sea Nil-effect line Full-effect line low -water line Land State B Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012 23

Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation State A Land low -water line 12 M Sea y(A) Island y belongs to State A Semi enclave around the island Island z belongs to State A Full enclave z (A) State A’s territorial sea low -water line Land State B Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012 24

Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation Equidistance line construction – adjacent states Limits of Territorial Sea line Land -water Construction Lines a low c d State A o f t u v w x g Median Line y p z h e Sea State B b Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012 25

Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation line Full enclave around the island Land -water Island z belongs to State B low z (B) State B’s territorial sea Semi enclave around the island (nil effect line) State A 12 M Equidistance line y(A) Island y belongs to State A Half effect for island y Sea State B Full effect for island y Animation by Arsana & Schofield, 2012 26

Ekuitabilitas terkait bentuk garis pantai Dua negara berdampingan Dua negara berhadapan Laut Laut Ekuidistan = adil

Ekuidistan ≠ adil Negara Negara Negara Tanpa akses Opposite coastlines Adjacent coastlines

Ekuidistan ≠ adil Studi Kasus: equidistance tidak adil Delimitasi “North Sea” Source: IBRU Ekuidistan ≠ adil Adjacent coastlines Opposite coastlines

Ekuitabilitas terkait pulau kecil ...equitableness of the maritime boundary resulting from the application of the equidistance line principle depends on whether the precaution is taken of eliminating the “disproportionate effect” caused by small features such as islets, rocks, and coastal projections along the coast. Pulau kecil A Negara Negara Ekuidistan ≠ adil

Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation Perpendicular to general direction of the coast Large-scale chart But… Small-scale chart Gulf of Maine case and the Brazil-Uruguay agreement of 21 July 1972

Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation Thalweg Natural Prolongation/Kelanjutan Alamiah Thalweg Profile

Methods of Maritime Boundary Delimitation Parallels and meridians Parallel boundary State A State C State D State B Meridian boundary France-Monaco Agreement of 16 February 1984 and the Dominica-France agreement of 5 May 1987. (Carleton and Schofield, 2001)

EEZ Delimitation  Article 74 UNCLOS “The delimitation of exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solution.” Similar to Continental Shelf delimitation

Pertanyaannya: Apakah yg dimaksud “equitable solution”? Haruskah sama jarak/equidistant? Bisakah sama jarak dianggap adil/equitable?

Diterapkan di The Black Sea Case, 3 Februari 2009 EEZ Delimitation  Yurispudensi ICJ (Black Sea) Pendekatan 3 Tahap Negara B Garis tengah sementara Faktor relevan yg mengubah garis tengah Uji disproporsionalitas Negara A Diterapkan di The Black Sea Case, 3 Februari 2009

Negosiasi bilateral  opsi utama Mediasi pihak ketiga Opsi proses delimitasi Negosiasi bilateral  opsi utama Mediasi pihak ketiga Litigasi  ICJ / ITLOS

Persiapan Kuliah Minggu Depan Sengketa Batas Maritim dan penyelesaiannya. Penyebab sengketa batas maritim Penyelesaian sengketa batas maritim Negosiasi, mediasi, Arbitrasi dan litigasi Alternatif selain delimitasi: Joint Development Zones dan Mekanisme kerjasama lainnya Studi Kasus Indonesia